Endangered species Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Endangered species - Research Paper ExampleIn United States, the endangered species perform remains domineering in protecting and preventing extinction of endangered animals and plants within the earth and sea.While executing and realization of retrieval plans including endangered species Act polices administered by Fish and wildlife service, as an agency remains super expensive and effectual to the economy, it has greater benefits. Recovery and prevention of endangered species prevail greater significant benefits including fear and sustainability of the ecosystem when compared to protection of exclusive property rights. Ecological balance requires collective involvement of animals and plants, a condition that eliminates individual rights. It is imperious to note that protecting and efficient recovery remains authoritative in preserving societal ethnical values besides mutual scientific and economic values.Moreover, recovery policies including endangered species have remained i ndispensable in preserving the most precious fisheries, plants, and animals that faced extinction threats in America. The most significant animals that faced extinction and have successfully been recovered from the danger includes California tiger salamander, black-footed ferret, delta smelt, salt-marsh harvest mouse, alameda whipsnake, San joaquin kit fox, and many others (EPA, 2014). Preservation and recovery of the animals have remained essential in preserving Californian cultural heritage for instance besides contribution to boilers suit economic growth through tourism, and supplementing educational studies.There exists great interdependence in nature consisting of a mutual benefit link between plants and animals. The interdependence system remains fundamental when there exists mixed bag of plants and animals in ensuring ecological balance and maintenance. For instance, nitrogen cycle remains as the most significant bio-system that links a relationship in nature

Christian Counseling vs. Professional Psychotherapy Essay

Christian Counseling vs. Professional Psychotherapy - Essay ExampleThis raillery highlights thatadvice is statement, which helps the person to feed the right decision. It is not as proper(postnominal) as counsel is and has the aim to check the counseled individual to the right decision. Advice provides several alternatives and individual decides which alternative is much acceptable to him/her.This paper outlines thatwisdom is a different concept than counsel and advice. It is not even the trait of the character, but rather the ability to seduce right decision based on the previous experience and the ability to reason, to consider different alternatives and to make the best decisions. From Biblical thought, wisdom comes with the acceptance of the Godly lifestyle and belief into God, while from the general perspective the person is regarded as wise if all of his decisions are logically and ethically right. The concept of wisdom is introduced in the give-and-take from the first book When the woman saw that the fruit of the tree was good for food and kind to the eye, and overly desirable for gaining wisdom, she took some and ate it. She also gave some to her husband, who was with her, and he ate it.Wisdom is also the ability to be tolerant to others, the ability to listen to people and to accept their point of view, even if it is rattling different from the own. Being wise is not about knowing answers to all questions but rather about hearing others, analyzing the situations and finding the most appropriate solution, as the above verse supposes.... In this verse, the counsel has a different meaning - it indicates the way of life unbelievers have. AdviceAdvice is statement, which helps the person to make the right decision. It is not as specific as counsel is and has the aim to lead the counseled individual to the right decision. Advice provides several alternatives and individual decides which alternative is more acceptable to him/her (Butler 2003). Lis ten now to me and I will give you some advice, and may God be with you. You must be the peoples representative before God and bring their disputes to him (Ex 1819, Kohlenberger 2001). In this verse the advice is the tribute but very specific one - the person is recommended to make the specific choice (to become the peoples representative) and scoop up the specific responsibility (to bring the disputes of people to God). Absalom said to Ahithophel, Give us your advice. What should we do (2 Sa 1620, Kohlenberger 2001). Advice in this verse is self-explained Absalom asks Ahithophel what shall we do - he is asking for the direction in life, the alternative course of action. Advice is asked for when someone is advised that some choice has to be done, but he is not able to decide which one is better. When Hushai came to him, Absalom said, Ahithophel has wedded this advice. Should we do what he says If not, give us your opinion (2 Sa 176, Kohlenberger 2001). The meaning of advice in th is verse is an alternative, executable course of action. It can be either accepted or rejected by the one who receives it. Bible leaves the right to make decision to the individual, who is the only one to decide what is better for him

Development of Project Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Development of Project Proposal - Assignment Example(2011) explains that convince throw procedures include the steps for what and how modification of official company standards, policies, plans, and procedures, hear documents would be approved and authorize and made part of final project management plan. Project manager and project team is chiefly responsible to identify the change control procedures at all level and their inclusion in the plan. PMBOK (2008) suggests that integrated Change Control procedure includes the following activities based upon the current status of the project.Changes to project domain eer squeeze the components of the triple constraint i.e., cost, schedule and scope. A scope creep is likely to be associated with augment in cost and time required but may or may not impact the motivation of the project team (PMBOK 2008). In our project, it is essential to have a formal change control procedure in accordance with the steps described below.Initial proj ect duration was calculated to be 61 years with an estimated cost of 5630 . Please settle appendix A and B for reference. After the sycophancy of change request, change to the project schedule and cost were recalculated as a result of project scope creep. The analysis revealed that now the project duration would be 71 days with an estimated cost of 8235 . Please see Appendix C and D for reference. This indicated that project duration increased from 61 days to 71 days but was well within the promised duration of 14 weeks (14X7=98 days). However, as a result of adding a new wing to the building the cost increased from 5630 to 8235 , an increase of 46% in project cost.Contractor, with expertness in construction, will work in conjunction with the client (Smith) to manage the construction of a field of operations building with an additional wing. The contractor would assist the client in developing detailed construction project plan, schedule, resource plan and execution of the proj ect. The contractor would identify and track

How Important is a Family Structure for a Developing Male and Female Essay

How Important is a Family Structure for a Developing Male and Fe potent - Essay theoretical accountStarting from the accent of the language and ranging to the dressing, the get up, the behavior, the conduct, the perceptions, interests, thinking and almost everything depends upon the environment in which he/she lives in. make of environment on a developing male and female As the environment has the maximum tinge on a someone, therefore, it affects the developing or the growing children, i.e. the teenagers in the most effective manner. Hence, it proves that it is the that environment plays a vital map in determining what kind of a man or woman a developing male or female is going to be for the rest of his/her life. The kinds of atmospheres provided to a growing various(prenominal) may vary from a family environment to an independent environment, i.e. without any family. Family life is indubitably completely dissimilar from the life spent by people al iodin in hostels, boarding school or orphanages. Therefore, the impacts of these environments alone differ from one an different. Influences of family In my point of view, family structure is quite important for a developing male or female though even the family structure may not be the same for all. For example, one may bring on a complete and happy family with both the parents and siblings living together, exhibiting love, care, affection and a utter(a) compatibility amongst each other. On the other hand, one may be deprived of one parent collectable to uncontrollable circumstances such as death of a parent or separation of both. some other circumstance may be that one may not be lucky enough to agree both of the parents because of their death and competency be living with the elder independent siblings or any other relative such as uncle or aunt. All of the above situations play a different role in developing a teenagers mind to grow up into an adult. For a person who does not possess a family and i s living in an orphanage, might face a lot of difficulties in life. He/she may not have anyone to take enough care and may not have a proper guidance. Therefore, he/she will learn from own mistakes and experiences. At times, such people may definitely face a lot of problems, as there are a lot of ups and downs in the growing age. Life without a family Despite of the fluctuating life of the teenagers, some of those who are deprived of their families and a proper family structure, are yet lucky enough to have cheeseparing friends or good guardians or caretakers who direct them quite well and help them to manage their problems and maintain their ways on the correct row and enlighten their future. But, the remaining unlucky ones are usually not able to differentiate between the good and bad, right and wrong, success and failure and unintentionally spoil themselves, their lives and their future. Say for example, a growing individual might be depressed of the fact that he does not have parents to provide him good to eat and wear. This opinion may cause him to become a drug or alcohol addict, so as to close up all the sorrows. Once he becomes an addict, he might adopt wrong ways of earning, such as theft etc in order to regularly buy drugs and alcohol. Eventually, he will end up organism a criminal and ruin his future. Another example is teen prostitution that is again usually collectible to the frustration and urge to have money by hook or by crook. Therefore, the life of a developing male and female is no less than Hell if he/she is not blessed with a family structure. The above cases are not only applicable in the lives of those who do not have families, solely

Fall for the Book Event Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fall for the Book Event - Assignment ExampleThe presenters, qualified and passing professional, vastly expound on the topics and subjects of the presentations. The presenters make the topics comprehensible and understandable for students.I planned to attend a session at the annual festival on Friday, the 27th of September. The session is scheduled to start at half past ten and proceed until noon. The title of the book was The Political Thought of Frederick Douglass. The presenter is a political science scholar, Nicholas Buccola. The event was to take place at George Mason University. The venue for the presentation was sandy Spring Bank tent, at George Mason University. My choice to attend the event was because of the passion I incur for the political science. The professionalism of the presenter would make the session enjoyable to warrant an attendance by anyone interested in the books psychoanalysis. I admire any session led by Nicholas Buccola, a far-famed scholar of political science studies. The session, courtesy of the sponsorship of Gale Language, would be exceptional, outstanding and jovial to attend. The analysis of the political ideologies of Frederick Douglas would be a charming session in the event. Buccolas prowess in presenting a deep analysis of political science topics is plausible. He can analyze how much intrinsic Frederick Douglass explores the possibility of having the promise of independence for human beings. The analysis would be highly appealing.Given my deep aspiration to attend the event, I arrived at the venue early not to miss any part of the presentation. I planned before the day, ample for the event, and dedicated an ample time and questions to ask during the session. Having prepared for the presentation, I enjoyed the entire session. The presenter, in my opinion, was great in the area of presentation.

Week 9 discussion paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Week 9 countersign paper - Essay Exampleiations to negotiate with management for worker covers is a time-honored and legal right in the U.S., however in other countries unionism is frowned upon due to its monopolistic wage effects when unions publicize up wages, product prices rise and in effect reduce the real incomes of nonunion workers (Pencavel, 1997). From a heathen viewpoint, Asian countries such as Japan expect workers to espouse filial piety and loyalty towards their companies which in return employ them for life. Therefore, the U.S. multinational company which chooses to operate in other countries where unionism is not acceptable will be forced to change its human resources policies when operating in these areas however, this may cause a double standard in HR policies which may give the impression that the company is discriminating among workers ground on race.I would expect that different organizations deal differently with such challenges, depending upon the nature of the product line (if it allows for a adjustments for diversity) and the culture or country the firm is trying to penetrate or is setting up business in. The organization therefore derives an entry into the culture by conforming to local differences, although from an organization-wide point of view it appears to be applying a double standard. In other aspects, however, particularly in matters where the quality of the product or redevelopment is severely affected, the firm may choose to impose the same standards it practices in its own country. For instance, the policy of not employing child labor practices in the home country may be enforced among the firms suppliers and subcontractors in other countries who, because it is commonplace in that country, may be employing children in sweat shops (Bellettini, et al., 2005 Anderson, et al., 2010).One fuss that is exacerbated and even exploited by business is the graft and corruption prevalent in many growing countries. It is sad to note that while graft and corruption appears to be

Corporate governance and the role of executive incentives Essay

Corporate constitution and the role of executive incentives - Essay ExampleThe paper seeks to determine the role and effectiveness of executive incentives in corporate governance drive of an organization and draws the conclusions from various research findings to anchor the understanding of the concept. Inclusion of current life cases assists the application of theories in practical sense.Separating management and ownership is one problem that has always be serious challenges for corporate form of an organization. The fundamental problem of conflict of interests where managers focusing on personal gains autocratic shareholders interest gets severe in loosely governed organization. Corporate governance is a lance which aims to align the interest of all parties and stakeholders in the organization and provides a strategic direction to the performance and mark functions by ensuring order and decision making process are done effectively.In this regard, areas where most of the confl icts find within an organization are related to recruitment and compensation of CEOs and top level management. Based on the above conflicts a detailed theory has been developed which is known as Agency-theory (Jensen and Meckling 1976).The theory describes various types of be which are incurred owing to the different type of conflicts between shareholders, managers and debt owners. Agency court is defined as the impart of monitoring cost, bonding costs and residual loss. Other two types of costs are agency cost of equity and agency costs of debt where former arise due to conflict of interests between managers and shareholders whereas latter arises due to conflict between shareholders and debt holders. Corporate governance is a system that brings more transparency and control in the organization. The approach involves setting accountabilities and linking managements compensation with shareholders value.There are many another(prenominal) mechanisms that can be applied to

Edit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Edit - Essay ExampleThe intent of using two images to illustrate the expand of the van Goghs use of style is commendable, however I recommend that use of student-centered admittance would help the learners understand the stylistic shift of Van Gogh. This should be d unrivalled theoretically, as it will conjure the learners more time to examine the attributes mentioned.The students participation in the learning process is a positive sign of understanding the topic. The indication that the students are able to access the National Art impetus Website and create their digital archives is an illustration of the students participation.The general concept of the lesson is admirable however, I am non sure the nature of the sources you will use to authenticate your content. There is need to offer a unspecific perspective of the lesson by giving a range of sources relative to the topic of discussion. In addition, how can one measure the progress of the students who do not grasp the conte nts of the lesson, particularly the computer

Accounting issues research and analysis Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting issues and analysis - Research Paper frameworkSection 14 indicates that during transition, an entity should disclose the immediate status in financial reporting in conformity with estimates made in accordance with the previous standard (national standard). R&D cost for prior days should thus be recognized under the US GAAP, and clearly indicated that they are reported under US GAAP in the first IFRS opening balances (IFRS 1, P28). Prior R&D cost should thus be expensed in accordance with SFAS 2, which limits capitalization of R&D costs.In regard to tracking future R&D costs, there is need for our entity to adopt IFRS. Just like in US GAAP, IFRS expenses all costs incurred in the look for phase of a project. Nevertheless, it will be good for our entity to clearly separate research phase costs and development phase costs. In cases where a distinction does not exist, IFRS requires expensing of such costs, dilapidate the entitys R&D assets. Tracking R&D costs under IFRS e nsures that cost of materials incurred in development, employee costs during development, fees and patent amortizations are recognized as an asset, enhancing the balance sheet worth of the entity. This is outlined in section (IAS 38, p66).To account for the current projects research and development costs, all development costs are capitalized and recognized as an asset in the balance sheet as per IAS 38R.57. On the new(prenominal) hand, all research phase costs are expensed. For the development costs to be capitalized there mustiness be proof that there is intention to complete such products and sell or use them and the entity has the proper(ip) and ability to use or sell such products. These costs should equally be in a position to generate future economic benefits to the organization. The entity should equally be in a position to throwaway costs incurred in development in a reliable manner. This will be different from US GAAP, which limits capitalization of development costs ( FASB, P1). If recognition

Foreign Direct Investment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Foreign Direct Investment - Assignment simulationIn other words, FDI inflows might supplement the limited financial resources which retard the growth of an parsimoniousness. Moreover, FDI inflows could assist in technology transfers that could prove to be more efficient in foothold of overlap and thence, be of lavishly assistance to the developing economies especially in field of study of LDCs (Assadourian, 2005). On the other hand, too much dependence upon FDIs for economic development, from a particular host nation might fold detrimental in case that the latter exploits the former on such grounds. In addition, the recipient country withal suffers if FDI inflows invigorate production processes which ultimately injure the environment. Moreover, in case the benefits of FDI inflows trickle down to any particular segment of the preservation only, possibilities of social uprisings grow intense among those who are not directly benefitted out of the same (OECD, 2002). FDI outflo ws could be turn to be advantageous for the source economy through boosting its current account position in end points of profit returns from sales made in the host economy. Moreover, prospects of rise in employment are also multiplied in the source economy when the raw materials produced in the host nation are brought in for manufacture of final goods. Lastly, technology and skill from the host nation are also passed into the home country, thus benefitting the latter. One of the highest costs incurred in FDI outflows is that of capital account deficits owing to a massive outflow in the initial phase. Secondly, the home country suffers from a current account deficit if the purpose of FDI outflow is to second low-cost raw materials (Vaidya, 2006). Determinants of FDI The primary factors which determine the flow of... The primary factors which determine the flow of FDI within an economy are At the face of competition, the foreign investors often consider foreign investment to be b eneficial for their long run growths against their rivals. Such a measure could help them in securing their foothold in a non-domestic market. Such measures are often adopted in order to maintain a long term relationship which might prove to be profitable in the future, either in terms of a sustained flow of cost efficient inputs or technology. Moreover, a long term commitment could be advantageous at times of bargain as well. In addition, involvement in new product in a foreign market is associated with economies of moving in first (Moosa, 2002). Answer to Question 2The association between openness to trade and economic growth of an economy is a highly questionable topic. There exist theories as well as empirical evidences supporting and opposing the facts, so that the pertinence of any one of them cannot be asserted in the true sense of the term. One robust theory which could be raised in support of the hypothesis is that lower the degree of trade restrictions in an economy, hi gh will be the inflow of export revenues in the nation which in turn boosts the national income of the economy. Moreover, abolishment of restrictions over trade such as import tariffs or export quotas could help in extracting the benefits of comparative degree advantage which is beneficial in lowering the cost of production.

Managing Financial Resoures and Decisions 4. Answer 13 questions.No Assignment

Managing Financial Resoures and Decisions 4. Answer 13 questions.No more than 2500 words allowed - Assignment Example effect Equity is a nonher smart option that can be used by the companion. This involves issuing shares to investors at a price determined by the company and using them to raise finance for the equipment needed by the scientistsLease is when the other company or financing organization buys the equipment and let our company use it against periodical charges known as rentals. The benefit of this option is that the company result not have to bear the full cost of equipment upfront and in case the company does not need equipment in the future it wint have to pay the rental and will not have to invest huge add together into buying the product. Hire-Purchase is like a loan to the company. The difference here is that instead of lending you the money, the confide or other financial institution buys you an asset and charges a mark-up against this assets which is amortize d by the monthly payments which includes payment of some(prenominal) principal and the mark-up. ... vidends are only paid in the profitable years, whereas in case of loans, lease and submit purchase interest has to be paid every period regardless of the fact the company unsexs a profit or loss. Hence obtaining credit loans, lease and hire purchase is burden on the companys resources as creditors have a right to sell of companys assets if they are not paid. Keeping in mind the company is young and does not have enough resources or plow back profits, it is the best option for the company to raise finance by issuing equity. However, the company should make sure that it floats as much shares in the market so as they will not mislay the control of the business or not third party investors will be able to conjure to form a holding company. 1c) There will be a antithetical set of requirements and documents that different funds providers will ask from the company before expending them a loan. Banks would ask for collateral and a business plan before deciding on whether it would lend the company or not. Bank would as well ask for projected cash flows and income statement in order to make sure that the funds that the desire is obtaining are yielding the required return in order to pay the entrust. Similarly, a bank would to a fault ask for the balance sheet to make sure that in the event of default, the company has enough assets and the bank could sell them to recover its lending. Equity investors would want a prospectus which will have to be print in the newspaper. Other than equity investors would be interested in knowing the future plans of the company, the growth dictate and name of directors and people running the company. Leasing company would need to know how long the company intends to use the assets, what will be the cash flow generation of the assets and what are the resources

Crime control strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crime control strategies - Essay ExampleIn the current justice strategy, leverage can prevent an individual from going to prison. The penalty system is oneness of the major flaws with the current justice system. Criminals abilities to meet their penalties instead of serving time in prison places community with the capacity to pay at a much added advantage as compared to the poor individuals in the confederation (Hartley 2008). As such, rich people can just pay for their crimes, with the money that they already have in excess instead of doing hard time.Secondly, considering law as one of the highest grossing occupations, most prestigious lawyers are unaccompanied affordable to rich people. The poor and middle class population is then left with the inadequately reputable lawyers who, despite their efforts will never get a deal as appropriate for their clients as the special highly paid lawyers always do (Hartley 2008). The unfairness exhibited by the justice system has led to pr otests in the contemporary society, with more people demanding the equitability of crime penalisation despite the ability of lawyers to get their clients off their punishment course, or the fines that substitute punishment and predetermined courses of action with a few dollars from their bank account. This is ironic because this system brings equality to the society, justice, only further oppresses the already oppressed individuals

Excel Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Excel - naming ExampleThe air passage is also socially responsible in ensuring that it relates well with the macrocosm. Good relationship with the public is a well behaved move and this helped the airline to increase its increase margins. It can also be famed in the table 1 of sheet 2 that the r in timeues of the airline were increasing as the sales act in different quarters. This can as well be seen with the increment in the net profit of the business. Success of a business is seen by increment in profits, reduction in expenses or even when the production gets reduced further while the passengers realize the full consumption of the commodity.In my position as the sales and marketing director, I use all the resources within my proximity in the attracting of passengers to use our airline and make them know and came to reality that the services we offer are of high quality and that they cannot regret the apprise of their money after the consumption of the transport service.A lo t of factors need to be well intercommunicate by the management on the operations of the airline effectively and efficiently. In this, it is worth considering that the airline is operating(a) in different market and with the expansion, it is therefore important for the management to do proper supervision on the staff in the other markets as well as thorough auditing of the financial records that are wide-awake by the accountants in those markets. In this regard, what can been be very useful to prevent any losses that may rise due to in accuracy, omission and commissions.The management should also give discounts to the passengers who make online reservations as this will make most of them o book online whenever will want to travel. Online reservation is a good way to save the time for the various passengers as it also reduces the cost of spending say for the people living far away from the operating locations of the airline. It is also a safer way since

Electronic Recruiting System Description Assignment

Electronic Recruiting formation Description - Assignment ExampleEmployDIVERSITY, Inc. offer employers the job scorecard prices for members and non-members. A single job posting which get out go online for 30 days is charged with $75.00. The keep company, however, offers more affordable packages for five or 10 or more job postings which charge recruiters $60.00 and $50.00 respectively for a one-month posting service (Job visiting card Rates, n.d.). Basic and Plus membership plans, moreover, are offered for $199.00 and $499.00 per quarter accordingly with services like free 10 to unlimited jobs postings in the duration of quartette months as well as unlimited resume rim access, unlimited resume search agents, free integrated profile and a link to a corporate web site with undertake user access for each (Job Posting Rates, n.d.). The site of JobMonkey, Inc., on the other hand, turns out to be more affordable for employers as it costs $5.00 less than the first companys price and for a duration twice longer as the first while four and six-month-period single job postings are given for $117.00 and $156.00 respectively (Post a Job, n.d.). Additionally and on the unlike to the first, JobMonkey, Inc. offer non-standardized packages that are designed specifically to suit the individual companys needs. Setting up of a company profile, banner advertising, and access to job seeker database services are also offered and for specified fees. Featured employer listing service which will be posted on their Featured Employer section which will be charged with a $300, $500, and $700-rate for a three, six and 12-month service period is also considerably denote as the feature is seen to increase job seeker visits to the companys employment webpage and thus, faster recruitment process (Post a Job, n.d.).

Threatened species - Bradypus Torquatus Coursework - 1

exist species - Bradypus Torquatus - Coursework ExampleThe causes of deforestation are agriculture and urbanization. The size of the Atlantic forest, locally called as the Mata Atlantica, has been trim to 10% of its original size (Hance, 2010). Gravely affected with such change in landscape are the maned sloths, because an individual needs as much as a hectare as habitat. As well, contributing in the increased risk of their extinction is the fact that their litter size is 1 and there are plainly 15-20 births between February and April, although the absence of distinctive mane among juveniles allows them to hide in their mothers fur. These slow-moving animals that extend 60-80% of their time resting is susceptible to become prey to mammalian predators (Hayssen, 2009).Thus, this species is already enlisted as endangered by the internationalist Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Since human activity has a large part in it, shipway on allowing harmonious co-existence between valet de chambre and wild animals must thus be determined before this endangered species become extinct.Studies are thus being made to identify effective means for humans to better protect B, torquatus and to facilitate the increase in the population of this animal. Since much of the problem concerns the habitat, one of the studies conducted assay to determine whether cacao agroforest, locally called as cabrucas, interspersed between the remaining patches of Atlantic forests can serve as a habitat for this endangered species. Agroforestry has long been suggested as a solution to decreasing wildlife population part caused by human-initiated landscape changes. This way, humans can earn a livelihood, while providing habitat to displaced animals as well.For 40 months, Cassano and her colleagues (2011) monitored three maned sloths living in the Cabana de Serra farm containing primary and secondary forests interspersed with shaded cacao and rubber tree plantations. in that location were also swamp and pastures. The sloths

Wall Street Journal Articles for International Accounting Article

Wall Street Journal Articles for world-wideist Accounting - Article ExampleThere is high likelihood that the contourd standards will have major impact on the financial reporting over a wide cross-section of organizations and industries. For this reason, it is important that unhomogeneous audit committee members remain updated on the progress of this initiative in order to identify areas of token concern and facilitate smooth transition period from the old processes, systems, and financial reporting to newly take ones. The proposed revenue model requires recording of the amount of revenue in a pattern that reflects the transfer of manoeuvre of the goods and or services in question. The FASB recently re withdrawd a proposed Accounting Standard Update (ASU) touching on classification and measurement of financial instruments. This made with the object of increasing the convergence between US generally accepted accounting principles and IFRS and above all simplify classification m ethods. Concerning leasing accounting, the boards intend to provide an open and steady representation of leasing minutes in the financial statements by taking into consideration information relating to the rights and obligations that comes with lease contracts. This article is related to the international accounting particularly International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and International Accounting Standards (IAS) in a occur of ways. First IAS39 Financial Instruments Recognition and Measurement of 2003 categorically stipulates the requirements for the recognition and measurement of financial assets and liabilities as well as certain contracts that relates to purchase and sale of non-financial items. Additionally IAS 32 Financial Instruments Presentation excessively summarizes mandatory accounting requirements for the presentation of financial instruments especially with regard to their classification into financial assets, liabilities and equity instruments. The identic al case applies with the IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, which outlines the requirements for recognition and measurement for financial instruments. IAS 17 Leases also touches on the policies and disclosures concerning leases contracts. This is a clear indication that the initiative of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to streamline accounting standards should not contravene terms of IFRS or IAS with respect to financial instruments, revenue recognition and lease accounting. 2. Philbin, B. (February 22, 2013). SEC Pressed Citi for More Details on Brokerage Joint Venture The Securities and Exchange missionary work (SEC) recently requested Citigroup Inc to come out and defend how it was disclosing and valuing its brokerage joint venture with Morgan Stanley to its investors in its 2011 yearbook report a few months before it was forced to take approximately $3 billion debark on the business. It is believed that the business e vents played an integral role in paving way for exist of Vikram Pandit as the chief executive officer. This request was intend to make the New York Company expand on its spoken communication in its report to the investors about valuation and disclosures regarding ownership the business formerly known as Morgan Stanley metalworker Barney. The request has not been a onetime event but rather entangle in correspondence, which began in April 2011 and continued into last summer when Citigroup was asked to avail a copy of the report it used to establish the take to be

Mark Twain Case Essay Example for Free

Mark braces Case EssayMark two was an extremely productive author in his lifetime. He wrote umteen an(prenominal) famous books, articles and stories. He was also a institution traveler. He visited five continents and crossed the Atlantic maritime 29 times. In general, he is notarized for his fiction works. However, he also composed many successful non-fiction manuscripts as well.Many of twos non-fiction works were written on his travels. In his travels to the Old City, Twain took photographs to pair with his written work. He described the Old City, highlighting the methods and manners in which the Jewish people of the metropolis worshipped and interacted with one another. While doing this, he provided names to many of the places that he visited. Many of these names do stuck, and have become the common names of landmarks ( journeying to the Holy City, 2). Most readers are already familiar with the coarse brushstrokes of Mark Twains life. Many interviews, however, were c onducted in order to pre direct a tot all toldy brand-new facet of the Twain story, unfictionalized and in fascinating detail. These interviews appeared in a great diversity of American and outside(a) newspapers during the long course of his creative adult life (Nash). The interviews provide information to the volumes and volumes of Twains fantastic and satirical capabilities. Most famous of the non-fiction works written by Twain is his adult biography. The biography tells the oblige story, from his own perspective, of life and the inspirations behind his works.Countless books have been written about Twains life. unrivalled book, written by Ron Powers, has been hailed by critics as serving as a biography but a great deal morePowers uses Twains life to tell us what America was like then and, tangentially, why were what we are today (Spiegel, 2). Twains world travels began in 1867, when a California newspaper sent him on a five-month trip to Europe and the Middle East. There, he wrote many letters that were later couch together to form the book The Innocents Abroad (Twains Travels, 1). Mark Twain is considered to be one of the worlds greatest humorists. His witty phrases and observations filled the pages of his non fiction works (WordPlay, 1). Twain was also one of the kickoff persons in his town in Hartford, Connecticut to have a telephone. An example of his humorous use of banter to describe a situation occurred in 1880. Twain was amused by his new device, as it enabled persons who enjoyed eavesdropping to seek only one side of a conversation. As a result, he wrote an amusing description of sense of hearing to his wife talk on the telephone (Twain, 1). Twain composed many of his non-fiction works under his pen name. His legal name was Samuel Clemens. While often engaged in travel, Twain spent over 17 years at his beloved Hartford home. While living there, he published six books. These complicate The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, A Tramp Abroad, The Pr ince and the Pauper, Life on the Mississippi, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and A Connecticut Yankee in tycoon Arthurs Court (Allen). Literature critics have paid significant attention to Twains twang in his nonfiction writings, stating that he pours forth a flood of most graphic word painting. He talks slowly and extracts each of his vowels with a corkscrew twist that would make even the announcement of a funeral proficient like a joke (Marks Twang, 1).Critics have also spent significant amounts of time dissecting Twains life as well as books written about his life. In an article by Middlekauff, the author describes Twain as an inspiration to biographers, historians and literary critics alike. Middlekauff elaborates on this by concluding, Mark Twain, in all of his fascination, will never exhaust the interest of his readers (1). It seems as though Middlekauff hit it right on.In the agone decade, in particular, Twains name has been used publicly to highlight achievement. School s have been named after him. Additionally, many literary awards have been named after the famous author. For example, in 2006, playwright Neil Simon was presented with the Ninth Annual Mark Twain Prize for American Humor (Awards and Prizes, 1).Works CitedAllen, Daniel. Mark Twain. Yankee. November 2006. Vol 70(9). 1 pg.Awards and Prizes. American Theatre. September 2006. Vol 23(7). 1 pg.Journey to the Holy City in the Footsteps of Mark Twain. PSA Journal. October 2006.Volume 72(10). 2 pg.Marks Twang. harpists Magazine. September 2006. Vol 313(1876). 1 pg.Middlekauff, Robert. Mark Twain A Life. Journal of American History. SeptemberVol 93(2). 1 pg.Nash, Charles. Mark Twain The Complete Interviews. Library Journal. October 1,Vol. 131(16). 2 pg.Spiegel, Pamela. Leaders as Readers. American Libraries. May 2006. Vol 37(5), 4 pg.Twain, Mark. A Telephonic Conversation. Atlantic. September 2006. Vol 298(2). 1pg.Twains Travels Letters from home from France, Morocco, Egypt and Russia. Read.N ovember 3, 2006. Vol 56(6). 2 pg.Wordplay. Read. November 3, 2006. Vol 56(6). 1 pg.

Misery made me a friend Essay Example for Free

Misery made me a relay link EssayIt takes an evil person to kill an inocent small boy barely old enough to place upright for himself. He was only a young child, he didnt have a chance against a behemoth with the strength of twenty grown men. What the junky did was out(p) of revenge. Revenge is a human nature still is not a good thing. To seek revenge on somebody is a very unrational guidance of thinking. Two wrongs do not make a right. The Bible even says, if your neighbour hits you in your cheek, change state your face for them to hit you in the other. You should not retaliate. He had watched and learned from the Laceys and knew right from wrong by the clock time he had first killed.He was an inteligent being, he had the brain of a very knowledgeable proffesor. This was shown in the office he did things. He knew to set up Justine for Willies murder, this would take quick thinking and someone who is on the ball. He knew that the people would look for someone to blame and punish. He did not want them coming in research for him, so when he saw Justine asleep he took his oppertunity. This lets us know he knew how mans laws worked and knew he was doing evil. He also would of known that killing Willie, Elizabeth and setting up Justine, to get her hung, would not correct what Victor did.another(prenominal) reason which makes the monster unjustified is he never approached Frankenstien before commiting the murders to try and work out an choice solution. You could argue that Frankenstien never abandonned the Monster. The Monster ran away. Victor claimed he thought that the monster had died. A more commonsensible and logical thing to do would of been to talk to Frankenstien first. He could of discussed the issues he had and found out more information. In commiting the murders, he showed a weakness of will. He had choices and elected to kill, this only turned Victor and the rest of humanness against him more.Victor grudgingly put together a female compa nion for the Monster and backed out before the end. If he approached Victor before killing his younger brother, Victor may of been happy to do it. He may of even been able to make the Monster more attractive or helped him flare-up in more socially. As he was a very respected man. I feel that the Monster was not justified in his murderous behaviour. I think that he had a masses of awkward situations to get through but things could of been resolved differently. An equimilation of all the things caused the monster to snap and do what he did in my opinion.The reason which makes up my mind is that he didnt try to approach Frankenstein before he lashed out. A lot of a pain could of been avoided that way and in the end, the Monster still didnt get what he wanted. Victor was a very respeced man and came from a respected familly, withhis help i feel the Monster could of ultimately been recognised by people Take The Elephant Man, his story is very similar to the Monsters. He was a man who had a disease causing his ead to be very large and have large tumors all over his body. He was very diformed and ugly. He was always looked at as a freak.He was abused by other humans around him but never had the strength to seek revenge. He was found by a doctor who looked after him and helped him. After a lot of education and confidence building he was eventually accepted into the community. The help of the doctor made The Elephant Man feel wanted and gave him a meaning to his life. He died a happy man. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student create verbally piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Personal and professional development Essay Example for Free

Personal and professional development seekIn essence, a group up may be defined as two or much people who co-operate in concert with a common aim. A Team focuses towards common goals and clear solve (park, 1990). The purpose of this report is to reflect on my experience on molding in groups, effectiveness of group treat, innovation skills, and reflect on the foundation skills.Effectiveness of the group formulate The most popular and common sticker which explains the effectiveness of the team work is Tuckman (1965) the v puts group development model. According to Tuckman (1965) there are five stages of group development and these stages include forming, storming, norming, preforming, and adjourning. The first stage of group development is forming stage, under this stage the team divisions are selected, and get to know apiece other, objectives are healthy defined, and tasks are identified. assort members raise to pick up a group leader and the other roles, and t hey try to find out what behaviors are acceptable to work in group. The sulfur stage of group development is storming, this stage often characterized as conflict stage, where member tends to dis entertain on leadership, objectives and the rules. In addition, some members may feel dissatisfied with his or her group. The third stage of group development is norming, at this stage the group manages to rescue one objective goal and light to a common plan for the team. Some may brook to give up their own ideas and agree with others to make the team function.In this stage, all team members take the responsibility and construct the ambition to work for the victory of the teams objective goals. The fourth stage of group development is preforming, at this stage team members performed at the best of their abilities, and the project leave behind be completed effectively and all the problems will be decide at this stage. The last stage of group development is adjourning, at this stage th e members will be glad due to team achievements of their group at the same time they might feel sad because they will be losing close friends when the project comes to the end.Belbin (1981) has researched and analysed effective group performance and recommends a new team model of nine different roles. These roles include the coordinator, the shaper, the implementor, the monitor evaluator, the plant, the resource investigator, the team worker, the completer and the medical specialist. The coordinator is a person who has skills to organize, harmonize and consider the team very well. The shaper is a person who makes things happens and encourages the team to action. The implemantor is the person who is hard working who ilk clear objectives and directions. The monitor evaluator is a person who solves the problems and evaluates the suggestions and the ideas. The planet is innovator, creator and inventor.The resource investigators are likeable, enthusiastic, imaginative and innovative, excelling under pressure through the improvisation. The team workers are the ones who improve the communications between the team members and entertain team spirit. The completer is the person who Have all the necessary or appropriate parts and ensures about the targets and deadlines. The specialist contri justes technical skills and he is self-motivated, committed and professional in his tasks. Belbin (1981) claims that if the team is incomplete in a team role, or has too many of the same types of role, it would be less effective team.Reflection on Group Work To some extent our team attends Tuckman (1965) five stage of development but we removed the second stage which is storming. The team consists of four people and we are all friends we know each others from the beginning of the semester. . The purpose of the team is to write a report on Melaka trip. We divided the task each member is given a particular task and team leader assume the overall control role. These tasks include conducting interview, taking picture, and managing. Each member adopts different team roles based on our skills so as to ensure effectiveness of our team work. For instance, I assume the role of the monitor evaluator and specialist. I have technical skills of taking picture and also am good in analyzing problems and providing good suggestions.Indeed, our team managed to adopt because of our strong relationship, Since member are familiar to each other, the atmosphere was joyful, we were very happy to work together as team, we trust each other and we had achieved an excellent work together.Presentation Skills According to Carlile and Hensley ( 2005) effective demonstration includes planning and writing the presentation, effective use of visual benefits, overcoming nervousness, confidence in delivering and competent answering questions. For instance, donor needs to understand the aim and purpose of the presentation that he or she will present, prepare well in advance, master the c ase and research on the audience in order to tailor the content to meet the expectation and understanding of the listeners.Moreover, Students who have a good foundation in literacy skills, with reading, writing and oral examination communication skills have bigger opportunities to experience the success as active fellow of society. Equally students, who have limited literacy skills, will find it difficult to make successful move from high school, to university. In addition, the success of leadership, teamwork and work place depends on communication skills (New London Group, 1996).Reflection on presentation skills Before the presentation I was worried about what I well do and how I will speak but after I done my presentation I relaxed because I did a great job the give lessons comments was good. Therefore, I have learnt many lessons from individual and group presentations and the tutor feedback that i will try to follow in my next presentations. Now am aware that oral communication s skill is a itinerary for successful life after university. I have shoddyness regarding to my presentation skills, and my weaknesses are nervousness and weak preparation. Therefore, in order to succeed in presentations I will work harder in my future presentations and try to master the presentations skills.Conclusion To sum up, I have learned many lessons during this semester and, this group and individual work that I have done so far. I have also learnt many skills and these include social skills, presentation skills, interpersonal skills and spirit of working together as team for mutual goals. Moreover, I have learnt how to communicate and work effectively with people even if I disagree with their ideas.

Diseased Body in Wuthering Heights Essay Example for Free

Diseased frame in Wuthering Heights EssayIn Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte it can be viewed that there is more suffering caused by a pathologic mind than by a diseased proboscis. The idea of a diseased mind is a mental illness or madness and the diseased clay is a physical illness or injury, both of which atomic number 18 displayed by many causes in Wuthering Heights.Heathcliff is a base example of a character with a diseased mind that causes him suffering. He spends the majority of his life contemplating and performing out revenge towards Hindley and the Lintons because he believes it was their fault Catherine thought it would degrade her to marry Heathcliff, even though she love him this is one example of his unstable mind set. In chapter 9 Nelly foreshadows the suffering of Heathcliff by saying if you Catherine are his choice, hell be the most unfortunate creature, this is because Nelly understands that society wouldnt accept the pair to marry, therefrom Heathcli ff go out be unfortunately heartbroken. Heathcliff believes that Catherine is a part of him I cannot live without my soul, he says which highlights that he is suffering without her. It is from this grief and suffering that his diseased mind commenced. Heathcliffs diseased mind heightens when he asks for Catherine to haunt him when she is dead dour is an element of the Gothic genre but the madness of Heathcliff is enhanced when he requests that Catherine drives him mad.The word mad is ambiguous in this quotation because it could be viewed that Heathcliff wants to be haunted until he is angry with Catherine so he can destroy his love for her. An alternative view is that Heathcliff wants to be haunted until he is insane and suffering since he is desperate to see Catherine, this becomes true because after Catherines death Heathcliffs mind is haunted by his love for her. Jerold E. Hogle explains this is accurate because characters in Gothic novels are haunted psychologically and this is accurately shown through the character of Heathcliff. His mind is diseased by his separation from Catherine due to her choice of partner and her death, which causes him and e genuinelyone in the novel wide suffering because of his vengeance.Heathcliffs unconditional love causes Catherines melancholy mental state because it is overwhelming and she is in love with him but aVictorian society wouldnt accept their relationship because of the Heathcliffs very low class, which would result in them being beggars. Catherine has a peculiar expression arising from her mind set originally she tells Heathcliff you have killed me, this highlights her diseased mind and the suffering it is causing her because she hasnt died yet but it could be taken that she feels as though she has which emphasises her suffering, but also her madness. The peculiar expression that Catherine is described to have could be because she was opinion of Wuthering Heights.The expression could be interpreted as a smi le, which would be peculiar to Nelly because she has been depressed living with Edgar, therefore a smile would be unusual David Punter explains Gothic reminds us we are driven by our passions and Catherines passion is Heathcliff, which would explain her expression when thinking some Wuthering Heights. This idea of Catherines thought butt on in her diseased mind emphasises her pain and suffering because she cannot be without Heathcliff, her soul, yet she is continuously thinking about him, this is essentially what drives her insane.Catherines mental suffering is closely linked with her physical suffering which is an example that represents the diseased body in Wuthering Heights. Another character with a diseased body in Wuthering Heights is Isabella, whose bruised body is a valid example of suffering. Heathcliffs diseased mind causes him to abuse Isabella which leads to her suffering and her injured body

Growing Without Schooling Essay Example for Free

growing Without Schooling EssayHomeschooling is a realistic alternative or replacement to tuition institutions. In unison with your land laws as regards this train of indoctrination, children about and fall upon under the p atomic number 18nts supervision superfluous essays on the crowd outterbury tales. Homeschooling is currently a hot social issue because of the major increase of homeschooled American children in the last decade.There argon two major opinions on this issue parents who believe they have a right to choose how their children are educated and those who believe that children need to be socially stimulated and that educators can instill patriotic determine that cannot be taught in the home arena. Many parents insist that children can learn more easily at home, in an environment where disruptions are few and parents can teach children one-on-one.Homeschooling is a realistic alternative or replacement to tuition institutions. In conformity with your land laws a s regards this make of indoctrination, children about and learn under the parents supervision free essays on the canterbury tales. Homeschooling is currently a hot social issue because of the major increase of homeschooled American children in the last decade.There are two major opinions on this issue parents who believe they have a right to choose how their children are educated and those who believe that children need to be socially stimulated and that educators can instill patriotic values that cannot be taught in the home arena. Many parents insist that children can learn more easily at home, in an environment where disruptions are few and parents can teach children one-on-one.Enrolling In Online Home Schooling The Easiest moodThe number of parents that choose to enroll their child online for home schooling is expanding. Its popularity among other parents and parents-to-be is vastly increasing. Some parents deprivation it because it is more convenient when it comes to the fina ncial aspects. Some parents do not have enough money to be able to send their children to private schools.5 Advantages of HomeschoolingWhat makes homeschooling better than traditional schooling? Lately, there isa locomote trend in families choosing to homeschool their child than send their child to a traditional educational institution.// oo++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16)return t,a=function(e)e=e.match(/Ss1,2/g)for(var t=,o=0o e.lengtho++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(eo,16))return t,d=function()return studymoose.com,p=function()var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocolif(p.indexOf(http)==0)return pfor(var e=0e

Community Assessment and Analysis Essay Example for Free

companionship Assessment and Analysis EssayYuma Community Of wholly the problems faced by Yuma confederacy, along with the state ranking for adolescent take overs, the lodge also takes one-third place. (County Health Rankings, 2012). Programs that will help to educate teens on the importance of using birth control in give to stop undesircapable pregnancies ar a rising need inwardly the community. Additional wellness problems for this community include obesity in the adolescent population in 2005, the Yuma community had approximately 30 six percent of its adolescent in obese category, comparing to twenty nine percent in the entire state. (Centers for Disease Control, 2005). In the state The Steps program steered by the Nutrition and Physical exercise Self-Assessment for Child C be Centers, targeted five communities and over 2,200 children mostly decreasing sugary drinks, cumulative fiber aspiration and wholegrain foods. The state of Arizona as a whole is facing som e other larger issue in the Vaccination rate.World Health Organization mandates 95% of vaccination rate for the entire population. The rate of vaccination set by the state is 90% and the current rate of the State is 70%, which far under the target goal and is alarming. (Arizona De theatrical rolement of Health Service, 2011). Arizona Republic magazine reports that, I the upper and spunk class one of the reason for non-compliance with immunization is fear of causing Autism. If given opportunity, the lower class families have the appearance _or_ semblance to show better compliance with immunization when cost factor is elicited (Alitucker, 2011). Location and climate revivify an important role in the wellness issues of this community. Mexico and California are the two borders of Yuma community. The economy and budget gets dual-lane among law enforcement and Border patrol. The increasing crime rate requires the state to contribute a major part of its budget towards law enforcemen t and protection of its citizens, which takes a down toll on the availability of the public health resources initiation. A health initiative, to utilize funding ,such as to ensure free water supply to all the community could profit to elicit problems associate to Dehydration in this desert climate. Educational status is another concern of this community.Hispanic population accounts for sixty percent. High rate of drop outs from school is considered to be related to language barrier. Education can play a vital role in enabling the community to criti wawly to acknowledge problems and to find remedies to stay healthy as a community. Yuma Community can benefit from added funding to declare and to maintain programs to stay healthy as a community. With the limited funding, community is able to assist with citizens with housing, health insurance including dental coverage in the community (Need Help Paying Bills, 2011). Yuma community cannot be considered totally poor, because the commun ity consists of one main acute care hospital and two small hospitals inside a sixty mile distance. But the lack of Medical specialty such as Cardiac surgeries or those require high skilled treatments are not easily available within the community. The nearest specialty hospitals for children and adults are in Phoenix.Fatal accidents accounts as first reason for the higher demise rate in the community. In 2007, the total death rate for the city of Yuma is higher than the state clean in total, directing to fatal accidents as the source (Yuma, AZ, 2012). The functional health assessment of Yuma community, we have intimate that there are many problems that can be considered in the County. nearly of the key problems prominent are high rates of obesity, alcoholism, drug addiction, and teen pregnancy. Though the total obesity rates are smashed to national average, the statistics show that County has a much higher rate of adults that do not exercise. In order to care for the mental hea lth needs of the community, the County has six addiction treatment centers. The suicide rate remain high even with the availability of mental health service within the community. in that respect are two military bases to serve the community. The increased poverty rate is believed to be the reason for higher addiction rate. Yuma is the 11th largest city in the state, but they have the third highest rate of teen births. There are several(prenominal) facilities in the county to assist socially with issues related to parenting poverty, and employment, addition of more funding and facilities can be accommodative to the community, to rebuild a healthier community. Even with all of these problems, several tidy sum are proud to call Yuma County their home. The friendship felt within the communities such as a military social function, the local bar, at the river, or out on the ridges leads many tidy sum to find a pleasant and happy biography here. There are plenty of resources to help the population discover the services they require, and to enjoy a immaculate and healthier environment. With an added focus on the health issues, Yuma community can stay healthy and happy.Sleep and rest.The rest economic consumption of the masses in Yuma is mostly uninterrupted. Most of them are sleeping 6-8 hrs at night. Going to merchant ship At 10 pm and waking at 0600.There are full time workers with 12 time of day and 8 hour schedules. Some of the members are doing the part time work, some are doing voluntary work. Some of the older population states that very seldom they use sleeping pills to promote sleep. Few of the ladies have the habit of drinking, hot milk before going to bed, limited number of ladies have the habit of drinking wine-coloured before sleep. Some of the adult populations have sleep apnea problems. Sound sleep indicates sound health of school principal and body.Cognitive/PerceptualThe primary language for this community is English. Increasing numbers of older adults have addition to and are knowledgeable about computers. They are well educated and most of them are well employed. No communication barriers noted among this group. Libraries and internet facilities are available in the community for the members use. Most of the older stack using glasses for the visual impairment and few of them were using hearing aid for the auditory impairment. The people go to the community college for short term career goals. It was interesting to note that some of the older people are continuing education.Self-Perception/Self-ConceptYuma city population consist of 29.6% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. Agriculture is a major industry in Yuma, topping Arizona counties in agricultural sales. In addition, Yuma County also houses the US Marine Corps Air mail service and US Army Yuma Proving Grounds are located near Yuma City. Yuma County is thus charac terized by large short-lived populations, as it is a temporary place of residence for agricultural migrant workers, spend residents and military personnel. With the outset of the winter growing season in October, the county has a large influx of migrant farm workers and winter residents.In 2008, Yuma County was a temporary home to 41,314 migrant and agricultural workers and to 12,600 winter residents (Yuma Special Area statistical Profile-2008). Hunting is a popular sport, as the county offers a variety of different types of game. Fun, Friendship, Freedom and fulfillment are the mission of Yuma County. The members are bound together by these missions. Some of the major attractions in Yuma County are the historic Territorial Prison, the Yuma Crossing Historic Park. Other great places to visit are the Kofa Mountain Range and Wildlife Refuge, and Martinez and Mittry Lakes. sexual natural action/ReproductiveThe people in Yuma County believe that teen pregnancy and/or STDs are a majo r health issue in Yuma County. Youth and teens are most affected along with Hispanics and Native Americans. Compared to the 2010 health targets, however, Yuma County falls short in reducing teen pregnancy among 15-17 year olds, prenatal care, low birth weight, and fetal/infant death. The family environment was mentioned as a factor contributing to negative health outcomes stemming from the disruption of the family.One interview respondent felt that children do not have a sense of self-worth or self-esteem and are no longer being nourished only sustained. Interview respondents felt that parents do not have time for their children and there is a lack of communication between parents and children. Further, they felt parents are not involved or are not educated on how to take care of their childrens health. Most of the members are having annual physical checkup with mammogram and Pap smear. Community awareness program including the transmittal and prevention of STD/ HIV / AIDS are bei ng held in the community.Coping/StressAn important human face of healthy ageing is the ability to cope with and adapt to life conditions and transitions. Participation in social activity helps the Yuma county people to cope with transitory, acute and chronic stressors in their lives. The accumulation of chronic health conditions can negatively affect psychological wellbeing and quality of life. In addition to health-related stressors, the death of a spouse is practically a challenging loss for older population. Related to this, social isolation, loneliness and loss of social support systems may be additional stressors in older peoples lives that affect psychological wellbeing. There is evidence that both personal attributes and social resources influence the perceived severity of a stressor, and also the types of make out strategies that older women use to manage these stressors. The Yuma county members managing stress with multiple ways.ReferenceBest Places. (2012). People in Yu ma County, Arizona. Retrieved November 29, 2012, from http//www.bestplaces.net/people/county/arizona/Yuma Centers for Disease Control. (2005). Teen obesity statistics. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from http//www.cdc.gov Child, youth, and school services. (2012). Retrieved from http//www.yumamwr.com/cys.html City of Yuma. (2012). Parks and recreations. Retrieved November 22, 2012, from http//www.ci.yuma.az.us/1357.htm County Health Rankings. (2012). Yuma, Arizona teen birth rates. Retrieved from http//m.countyhealthrankings.org/node/246/14

Comparing and Contrasting Two Golf Greats Essay Example for Free

examine and Contrasting Two Golf Greats EssayJack Nicklaus and tiger woodwind be one by one the devil greatest play players in the report of the sport. Nicklaus and woodwind both obtaind the game and nearly sink unattainable standards that future players can only dream of achieving. The records that Nicklaus and Woods have set are legendary and only a brilliant prodigy could possibly surpass them. Currently, Nicklaus is the greatest player in the account statement of the sport, but as a retired player he can achieve no more.In contrast, Woods who is an active player continues his quest to surpass Nicklaus and establish himself as the greatest player in history. As Woods continues to achieve greatness, comparisons are often made between himself and Nicklaus and although their success in golf is comparable, they are two distinctly distinguishable people. However, whatever their differences and similarities are Nicklaus and Woods are on a concussion course with histor y to determine who willing be the greatest golf player in history of the sport.Nicklaus and Woods are comparable when it comes to golf and one of the major similarities they share is their dominance of the game. Woods and Nicklaues became dominate early in their careers, they both won their first majors at the ages of 21 and 22 respectively (Diaz) and Woods became the youngest player in golf history to win a Major. Both men proven they were forces on the tour, in their first nine years as pros, Nicklaus won eight majors (1962-70) and Woods has won ten (1997-present) (Diaz) and both players to a fault attained the number one ranking.Woods and Nicklaus have also earned comparable amounts of prize money. According to Tiger Woods official profile on the PGA rounds website Woods has earned an astonishing $68,179,382 in prize money, while Nicklaus has earned $5,734,031 (Tiger vs. Jack), which is worth over 50 million dollars when inflation is adjusted. Furthermore, Nicklaus and Woods c an also be compared with their contributions to the sport. Nicklaus is credited for making golf a spectator sport, while Woods is credited for brining in minority viewers and players.Despite only the similarities they share, Nicklaus and Woods also have many contrasts. One major contrast between Nicklaus and Woods is their backgrounds. Nicklaus comes from a white middle-class family, while Woods comes from a multi-ethnic family. Nicklaus and Woods are also different in regards to how they rose to prominence in golf. For instance, Nicklaus played in many sports and didnt seriously tension on golf until his late teens. Nicklaus once said, I didnt even decide that golf was a real part of my life until I was 19 (qtd. in Diaz), which was a drastic contrast from Woods.From the age of 2 Woods was groomed to be a golf player and was considered a prodigy and by 19 was already a celebrity, unlike Nicklaus. Another significant difference between Nicklaus and Woods is that Woods is a marketi ng superstar who endorses many products, thus giving Woods a much higher internationalist profile than Nicklaus. Lastly, the most important difference between the two greats is that played in different times. rough argue that Woods era is far more difficult because its more competitive and has greater depth, while others argue that Nicklaus era was more competitive and produced more golf record holders.However, regardless of whose era is stronger both eras produced Nicklaus and Woods who are the two greatest golf players in history. Nicklaus and Woods are the greatest golfers in the history of the sport. They both added brilliance to the sport and although the chapters in Nicklaus career are over, few players will ever come close to achieving what he has. The only player that currently has a chance of surpassing Nicklaus is Woods, whose chasing records and glory of his own.Works CitedTiger vs. Jack A Head-to-Head Comparison. golfdigest. com. 4 April 2007. http//www. golfdigest. com/majors/pga/index. ssf? /majors/pga/tigervsjack. html. Diaz, Jamie. Tiger Woods vs. Jack Nicklaus Who is the Greatest Player of All Time? There Has Never Been a kick downstairs Time to Compare. golfdigest. com. December 2002. 4 April 2007. http//www. golfdigest. com/features/index. ssf? /features/gd200212 tigervsjack. html. Tiger Woods Profile. Pgatour. com. 4 April 2007. http//www. pgatour. com/players/00/87/93/index. html.

Long Term Illness Essay Example for Free

Long Term Illness EssayIn this appellation a focus on an individual with the capacious term affection/ match of a cut go out be undertaken, examining the impact of the condition/illness from the perspective of the individual and their family and excessively the impact of person centred tutelage upon breast feeding practice. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, 2008) Code of Professional Conduct Guidance has been maintained throughout this canvass and therefore, every names bugger off been altered for the purpose of confidentiality and anonymity.Currently there are around 1. 2 million bezzant survivors in the UK, which is every year an estimated 152,000 tidy sum. More than half have been left with disabilities that mint their daily life. Stroke can affect anyone, no matter what their age. Around a third of in every(prenominal) strokes happen to people under the age of 65, and around 400 children (0-18) have a stroke distributively year. Furthermore stroke is the largest cause of complex disability in adults. (Stroke Association 2012).A stroke is caused by the interruption of the blood supply to the brain, usually because a blood vessel bursts or is blocked by a clot. This cuts off the supply of oxygen and nutrients, causing damage to the brain tissue (WHO 2012).bloody shame is a 75 year old white British lady who suffered from a Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) some five years ago. She is a divorced lady who lives alone in a deuce spirit level house, besides she has three children and numerous grandchildren who live inside walking distance and whom visit on a daily basis. Mary was admitted to infirmary as she had sustained a fall, fortunately nothing was broken, but she had suffered with ascetical bruising to her face and left side of her body resulting in loss of self-reliance.Mary currently takes medicine for hypertension and hypercholeste sectionmia which her G.P monitors quite closely. On assessment it was identified that Ma ry has been finding it hard to take aim her diagnosis, she was hoping that she would give up to the same feature of life that she had before the stroke as she had never been poorly or took medication prior to this happening. CHSS (2012) state that denial initially protects you from being overwhelmed by the changes in your life. Some people may become stuck in denial.The author has chosen this condition/illness as her grandmother suffered from a stroke 10 years ago and fights everyday with her disability, because of this experience the author decided to join the nursing profession and possibly work on a stroke unit or neurology department. This assignment go away avail to support, educate and contribute to perseverings ability to care for themselves after being diagnosed with any long term illness and result be part of life long learning, the Royal College of Nursing pardon that nurses are committed to lifelong learning and continuous professional development (RCN 2012).Clin ical reasons for choosing this condition/illness are that on this placement the author was allocated with the stoma nurses which gave her the opportunity to work on the wards of her choice on the final two weeks of the placement, she chose the stroke unit which also allowed her to complete many achievements and outcomes for example proficiency 2.4 was met which conglomerate working with long-sufferings and families in order to use their strengths to achieve their goals and aspirations.As a nurse it is lively that patient centred care is met in todays NHS and the care management of patients with a long term condition meaning set the patient and their experience foremost, through communication, discussion of do byment options, potential outcomes and possible psychological effects also empowering the patient and allowing them to retain choices round their healthcare (Nursing Standard 2011).As Mary was admitted with a fall investigative questions needed to be asked to find out w hether trips and falls are a common occurrence within Marys life and whether any member of the multi disciplinary team has implemented any changes to keep open these from happening. Through engaging in a therapeutic relationship allowing us to gain mutual gaze and collaboration to develop with Mary she informed us that she has had many trips in her own home and scarcely this one major fall outside, along with her worries and concerns which were listened to attentively. Nicol, J (2011) explain that as a nurse managing luck and promoting health and wellbeing whilst aiming to empower choices to promote self-care must be a priority therefore accredited referrals need to be piece in place.Firstly a referral to the physical therapist was made within the hospital in order to improve posture and counterbalance and make sure it is safe for Mary to return home to her own surroundings, as this was not managed post stroke main course and it is within the nurses role to make sure the pati ent and family are comfortable with there discharge. It is known for stroke suffers to have problems such as weakness, clumsiness or paralysis usually to one side of the body or loss of balance (Stroke Association 2008) which is why Mary has not received any get along treatment from a physiotherapist after her stroke five years ago as treatment is stopped when it is no lengthy producing any marked improvement to your condition (NHS Choices 2012).Although from this admission it is recommend from the physiotherapist that a cane will be utilitarian to Mary in order for her to gain more strength and move about more freely when walking outside within her limitation. A lot of season and advice was given to Mary and her family through discussion, education and effective communication, in order to help her in the decision making summons and allowing Mary to realise that regaining independence requires patience (National Stroke Association 2011).Furthermore from a rung nurses experience in the past a referral to the Falls clinic was also put in place which was deemed thriving from previous stroke survivors who have been left with similar disabilities to Mary and found this useful in the rehabilitation pathway. The Falls Clinic, (2011) aims to reduce your chance of falling and falls-related injuries and review your progress every two months for the first year. From this it enables Mary to be followed up in others ways apart from the GP ensuring that nothing substantial is being helpless in her care. Good engagement and collaboration allows the patient to gain full confidence and allows the nurse to develop a therapeutic nurse patient relationship providing care in a manner that enables the patient to be an equal partner in achieving wellness, which Mary had never felt before. nevertheless the family stepped forward at this point and informed the nursing team that they felt that Mary is starting to make out around her usual housing environment and made it over take that they had no knowledge of any sweat aids or assistive device until this hospital visit and talking to other families with the same problems. A referral to the Occupational Therapist was then put in place to assess and treat the physical condition using specific, purposeful activity to prevent disability and promote independent function in all aspects of daily life (NHS Careers 2012). From this referral it was decided that assistive grab bars, shower seats, supportive hand rails were put in place for easier movement around her home and further safety. This helped put her family at ease as she lives alone and copes by herself.Many stroke survivors continue to improve over a longer time in many different ways. Their recovery is in fact a long period of rehabilitation, as they learn to deal with the effects the stroke has had on them, however the psychological impact of living with a long term condition are very popular such as 30% of patients will suffer from opinion at some point post-stroke (British Psychological Society 2010) and a significant harmonize these remain undiagnosed or inadequately treated ( Hackett ,Yapa, Parag Anderson 2005). Therefore as a nurse it is vital all the common problems after a stroke are investigated in depth.Upon Marys admission these psychological issues were assessed, Mary revealed that she had a feeling of hopelessness as she was unable to look after her junior grandchildren, worrying all the time and unable to sleep furthermore she felt like a blame to her family as they now had to do her housework and her weekly shop. Feelings of loss of energy were also described and a feeling of being isolated from her friends .As this attitude from a nurses perspective is not seen as a overbearing one the signs and symptoms of depression after stroke were researched.Stroke Association (2012) suggest that it is vital to seek help if four or more symptoms are present which include feeling worthless, avoiding people, feeling anx ious or feeling blue and patients with long term conditions being more likely to develop depression, A ii Question Screening Tool was used which also determined that depression was a strong misadventure NICE (2009) recommend a two question screen tool to determine who may have depression. These questions link to the key symptoms required for a diagnosis to be made and with both questions answered yes it meant things can be put in place to manage this. However this diagnosis for Mary and her family was hard to accept as she had felt like this for numerous years and nothing had been done about it.The nursing referral to GP for further screening in the union was put in place which has to include the diagnosed stage of depression which for this patient is mild disorder and the treatment and management needed. Then it is the GPs responsibility to set up an active review which includes self help, cognitive behavioural therapy and exercise (CSIP 2006)NIMH (2011) suggest cognitive behavi oural therapy (CBT ), a type of psychotherapy, or talk therapy, that helps people change negative thinking styles and behaviours that may contribute to their depression, from this as a nurse a recommendation of a day hospice was suggested to Mary, as similar patients from the nurses experience had good enjoyed there time visiting a hospice weekly. This form of empowerment allows Mary to take greater see over decisions and actions affecting her health facilitating choice, self care and self management.Using Gibbs model of reflection (1988) it was straighten out to me from a student nurse perspective that Marys psychological needs were not adequately addressed, as it took sixsome years to pick up on this adjustment in her life the healthcare in this show window was not acceptable. It was upsetting to observe the patient and her family feel frustrated that nothing was done as act health care in stroke is a primary need and stroke survivors are worthy for NHS funding for all the i ndividuals assessed needs ( Department of Health 2009)In order to improve nursing the stroke patient the nursing role should involve preventative care which includes providing adequate information on stroke, risk factors and any lifestyle modifications, followed by curative care which involves accurate assessments, planned care that is person centred, physiological monitoring and risk assessment. Finally Rehabilitative/ promotive care which entails the carry on role (therapies), safe discharge planning and excellent communication with family/carers in which most of these steps should involve depression awareness and the importance of it as those people who have a Stroke and become depressed, failure to treat results is a less than optimal rehabilitation outcome (Stroke Recovery Association 2010).In addition to this nursing staff should aim to facilitate psychological adjustment and to support understanding of the emotions associated with recovery as the fundamental interaction of ps ychologists and nurses provides an opportunity to normalise patients reactions to post-stroke difficulties also they can exchange evidence-based and patient knowledge with each other (Vohora Ogi 2008). In Marys case I found that this aspect of her care was dealt with very well as Mary found it a challenge to accept this change in her life the and nurses spent imperishable amounts of time and dedication to help Mary come to terms with her disabilities.It may be argued that staff nursing levels were a relating factor to Marys poor post stroke care, from working on a stroke unit previously the workload is very heavy and consists of many clinicians with appropriate levels of expertise in medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, speech- language pathology, social work and clinician nutrition. Additional disciplines may include pharmacy, (neuro) psychology and recreation therapy, however it is within the nurses role to ensure all of these clinicians see there patient. In which some cases this maybe missed therefore implementing higher staffing levels may avoid this and signs of Marys depression could have been picked up amongst all of the reviews.In 2005 Lankshear publish a systematic review of international research since 1990 that looked at relationships between nurse staffing and patient outcomes. across the 22 studies covered the report stated that, The results strongly suggest that higher nurse staffing and richer skill concoction (especially of registered nurses) are associated with improved patient outcomes, although the effect size cannot be estimated reliably (Royal College of Nursing 2010). This would also be applied when the patient returned to there own home as people who have had a stroke and their carers value continuity, being kept informed, being included and having a clear, consistent point of contact with all the clinicians and work available.(Department of Health 2007).Another implementation that could be put in place not alt ogether for Marys psychological needs but also her physical needs is that Stroke specialist professionals could be involved in application and review of eligibility for Continuing Health Care in the community so that complex or hidden post stroke deficits which may be missed by generic staff can be considered. This could be included in the six week, six month and annual stroke reviews, and form part of the joint health and social care plan. (Department of Health, 2009).With this put in place Marys fall may have been prevented and her home could have become safer for her introductory putting her family at ease and allowing Mary to become more independent and less reliant on help. If the situation arose again and these changes were implemented then Holistic care, which is essential in nursing skills would be successful taking into consideration the psychological, environmental and spiritual needs of the patient, as well as the physical so that people are treated as whole human being s and the impact of the illness on their quality of life is met.(Nursing Standard, 2011).To conclude the role of the nurse in the management of care delivery for the patient and their family is to fortune their skills and knowledge with patients and their carers, acting as a key resource and providing a route to other services and professionals ( DOH 2005). As a person centred approach was used on this admission for Mary and her family it was clear that she was discharged more aware of services available to her in the community and the care given was effective in her life long rehabilitation process, leaving the Multidisciplinary Team confident they have done all they can for the patients individual needs.

Project Management and Innovation Past and Future Essay Example for Free

job commission and change bypast and Future EssayIt is unsurprising that development of fundament is oft sentences run as a confound. Yet, theoretic entirelyy both roam heed and mental home studies hold back evolved oer time as distinctively fork disciplines. In this study we make an attempt to imageualize the cornerst unrivalled reckon anxiety and past as intimately as future of same. By doing so, we contribute to the nascent academic debate on the interplay betwixt alteration and bemuse focal guide on.This subject is concerned with three topics and the interplay amongst them, namely cosmos, Research and using (RD) and depict counsel. The interest in these topics has exploded freshly as they emerged both on the form _or_ system of government agenda and in the corporate strategies. The contribution of technological installation to national economic growth has been well established in the economic literature. In the last couple of decades, new tech nologies, new industries, and new melody models cast off powered impressive gains in productivity and GDP growth.While originally there was a tendency to equate RD and innovation, contemporary understanding of innovation is much broader than purely RD. RD is one component of innovation activities and knowl distinctness creation among others. Innovation emerges as a pervasive and multiform force, non only in the spunky-tech sectors in advanced economies, but also as a phenomenon existing in low-tech industry of development, or catching-up economies. Still, the association between RD and innovation is often at the core of the innovation studies.Presently, we atomic number 18 witnessing come acrossification of the world as a growing number of specialists organise their work in devices rather than on on-going functional creation. The connection between RD and fuddle guidance has a long history. Most tools of have oversight have been real from the management of RD, ofte n with military purposes (Lorell, 1995). The intimately vivid example of managing RD get offs in the universe sector is the PRINCE2 method (UK OGC, 2005).Due to the above mentioned difference between RD and innovation, RD looks should be distinguished from innovation aims too. Innovation is a non-linear process, non necessarily technology-led and may not necessarily exit from formal RD investments. Innovation is the geographic expedition and exploitation of new ideas and recombination of existing knowledge in the pursuit of sustained competitive advantage. Besides, both innovation and RD travails by their genius differ from conventional projects.Thus, there is a need to examine the Innovation Project Management (IPM) as a distinctive area of managing innovation in projects, using the tools and methods of the project management. The development of Project Management Theory The genesis of the ideas that led to the development of modern project management jakes arguably be traced back to the protestant reformation of the 15th century. The Protestants and later the Puritans introduced a number of ideas including reductionism, individualization and the protestant work ethic (PWE) that resonate strongly in the spirit of modern project management.Reductionism focuses on removing unnecessary elements of a process or ceremony and then breaking the process down into its smallest childbed or unit to understand how it works. Individualism assumes we are active, independent agents who shtup manage risks and defecate ideas. These ideas are made into real things by social actions contingent upon the availability of a language to describe them. The PWE focuses on the intrinsic value of work. Prior to the protestant reformation most people cut work either as a necessary evil, or as a means to an end.For Protestants, serving God hold participating in and working hard at worldly activities as this was part of Gods purpose for each individual. From the perspect ive of the evolution of modern project management, these ideas were incorporated into two key philosophies, Liberalism and Newtonianism. Liberalism include the ideas of capitalism (Adam Smith), the division of labour, and that an industrious lifestyle would lead to wealthy societies Newton saw the world as a harmonious mechanism keep backled by a universal law.Applying scientific observations to parts of the unharmed would allow understanding and insights to occur and plaintually a complete understanding. LITERATURE REVIEW In this paper we seek to establish bridges between two distinctive disciplines project management and innovation management (innovation studies). Despite seemingly interrelated nature of both subjects, these two research domains have been developing comparatively isolated from each other. Innovation StudiesInnovation studies are rooted in the seminal writing of Joseph Schumpeter in the 1920s-1930s (e. g. Schumpeter, 1934), whose ideas started to gain populari ty in the 1960s, as the general interest among policymakers and scholars in technological change, RD and innovation increased. The playing area organize as a distinctive academic discipline from the 1980s. Scholars like Richard Nelson, Chris Freeman, Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Keith Pavitt, Luc Soete, Giovanni Dosi, Jan Fagerberg, Bart Verspagen, Eric von Hippel and others have shaped and organize this discipline.The seminal publications in the area include, inter alia, Freeman (1982), Freeman and Soete (1997), Lundvall (1992), Nelson and Winter (1977, 1982), von Hippel (1988). Regarding the definition of innovation a general consensus has been achieved among innovation scholars who broadly understand this phenomenon as a transformation of knowledge into new products, processes and go toances. An in-depth recapitulation of the innovation literature is beyond the scope of this paper (refer to Fagerberg (2004) for such analysis).Our intention is to outline main directions of research . In a recent paper, Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009) provide a comprehensive analysis of the cognitive and organizational characteristics of the emerging field of innovation studies and consider its prospects and challenges. The authors trace evolution and dynamics of the field. Reflecting the complex nature of innovation, the field of innovation studies unites various academic disciplines. For examples, Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009) define four main clusters of innovation scholars.They are Management (cluster 1), Schumpeter Crowd (cluster 2), Geography and indemnity (cluster 3. 1), Periphery (cluster 3. 2) and Industrial Economics (cluster 4). For the purposes of our analysis we shall have a closer look at the Management cluster, since it is here where the connection between innovation and Project Management can be found. In accompaniment Management is the smallest cluster within the entire network of innovation scholars, consisting of only 22 scholars, mainly sociologists and m anagement scholars, with a geographical bias towards the USA.This small number of scholars (22) is in sharp contrast with the biggest clusters ? Geography and form _or_ system of government (298 scholars) or Schumpeter Crowd (309). In terms of publication preferences, apart from Research Policy, the favorite journal for innovation scholars, members of Management cluster see management journals as the most relevant publishing outlets, particularly journal of Product Innovation Management, Management Science and Strategic Management Journal. Fagerberg and Verspagen (2009, p. 29) see a strong link between innovation and management and provide a following description Management is to some consummation a cross-disciplinary field by default and firm-level innovation falls naturally within its portfolio. . So between innovation studies and management there cl premature is some common ground. Project Management The project management as a human activity has a long history e. g. constructi on of Egyptian pyramids in 2000 BC may be regarded as a project activity. However, the start for the modern Project Management era, as a distinctive research area, was in the 1950s.Maylor (2005) determines three major stages of the PM historical development. Before the 1950s, the PM as such was not recognized. In the 1950s, tools and techniques were developed to support the management of complex projects. The dominant thinking was based on one best vogue approach, based on quantitative methods. The third stage, from the 1990s onwards is characterized by the changing environment in which projects take place. It is much and more realized that a project management approach should be contingent upon its context.It is also noted that a shift is observed over time in development of project management from focus on sole project management to the broader management of projects and strategic project management (Fangel, 1993 Morris, 1994 Bryde, 2003). Reflecting these changes in the mana gerial practices, the remains of academic literature on PM has evolved and burgeoned. International Journal of Project Management and Project Management Journals became the flagship publication outlets for PM scholars and practitioners.A large number of (managerial) handbooks outlining the methods and techniques of PM have been published, e. g. Andersen et al (2004), Bruijn et al (2004) Kerzner (2005), Maylor (2005), Meredith and mantelpiece (2006), Muller (2009), Roberts (2007), Turner (1999), Turner and Turner (2008). Despite a growing number of publications, there is no unified theoretical basis and there is no unified theory of project management, due to its multidisciplinary nature (Smyth and Morris, 2007). Project management has a more applied nature than other management disciplines.Although the PM has make as a distinct research field, there is no universal, generally accepted definition of a project and project management. Turner (1999) develops a generic definition of a project A project is an endeavor in which human, financial and material resources are nonionised in a novel way to undertake a unique scope of work, of given specification, which constraints of cost and time, so as to achieve adept change delineate by quantitative and qualitative objectives. on that point have been several attempts to provide an over prognosis of the state-of-the-art research in PM and outline its trends and future directions (e. g. , PMI, 2004 Betts and Lansley, 1995 Themistocleous and Wearne, 2003 Crawford et al, 2006 Kloppenberg and Opfer, 2002). In a recent article, Kwak and Anbari (2009) review relevant academic journals and identify eight allied disciplines, in which PM is being applied and developed. These disciplines include such areas as Operation Management, Organizational Behavior, Information Technology, Engineering and Construction,Strategy/Integration, Project Finance and Accounting, and Quality and Management. Notably, one of these eight allied disciplines is Technology Application / Innovation / New Product festering / Research and Development. The authors found that only 11% of journal publications on the subject of project management fell under the Innovation heading. Yet, importantly, this area showed sustained upward interest, and hence the number of publications, since the 1960s.Overall, Kwak and Anbari (2009) conclude that the mainstream PM research replication largely in the Strategy / Integration / Portfolio Management / Value of PM / Marketing direction (30% of all publications examined by the authors). PM AND INNOVATION THE PAST Projects in one form or another have been undertaken for millennia, but it was only in the latter part of the 20th century people started talking round project management. Earlier endeavors were seen as acts of worship, engineering or nation building.And the people controlling the endeavors saw themselves as members of groups focused on specific callings such as generals, priests and architects. There is an important distinction to be drawn here between projects a temporary Endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service or result and the profession of project management or at least modern project management. For a discipline to be considered a profession a number of attributes are generally considered necessary these are Practitioners are required to meet formal educational and entry requirements, autonomy over the terms and conditions of practice, a code of ethics, a commitment to service ideals, a monopoly over a trenchant body of knowledge and related skills. Within this context, project management is best considered an emerging profession that has developed during the last 30 to 40 years. Over this period project management associations around the world have developed a generally consistent view of the processes involved in project management, encoded these views into Bodies of intimacy (BoKs), describe competent behaviors and are now certify ing knowledgeable and/or competent Project Managers.Certainly, if modern project management does not qualify as a fully fledged profession at this point in time, it will evolve into one fairly quickly. The Evolution of Project Management Tools The central base running through the various project management concepts is that project management is an integrative process that has at its core, the balancing of the iron triangle of time, cost and output. All three facets must be present for a management process to be considered project management. The evolution of cost and scope control into relatively accurate processes occurred during the 14th and 18th Centuries respectively.Time management lacked effective measurement and control until the emergence of critical caterpillar tread programming in the 1960s. The branch of management that gave rise to the development of the Critical Path Method of scheduling was Operational Research (OR). OR is an interdisciplinary accomplishment which uses methods such as mathematical modeling and statistics to assist decision making in complex real-world situations. It is distinguished by its ability to look at and modify an entire system, rather than concentrating on specific processes which was the focus of Taylors scientific management.The growth of OR was facilitated by the increasing availability and power of computers which were needed to carry out the large numbers of calculations typically required to analyze a system. pic Figure 1. The Iron Triangle The first project to add science to the process of time control was undertaken by Kelley and Walker to develop the Critical Path Method (CPM) for E. I. du Pont de Numours. In 1956/57 Kelly and Walker started developing the algorithms that became CPM. The program they developed was trialled on plant shutdowns in 1957 And the first paper on critical path scheduling was published in 1959.The critical meeting to approve this project was held on the 7th May 1957 in Newark, Delaw are, where DuPont and Remington Rand jointly committed US$226,400 to fund the project. The foundations of modern project management were laid in 1957 but it took another 12 years before Dr Martin Barnes first described the iron triangle of time, cost and output in a course he developed for his UK clients in 1969 called Time and Money in Contract Control. PM AND INNOVATION THE FUTURE Defining PM for FutureThe biggest challenge facing project management is answering the doubt what is a project? Until this question can be answered unambiguously the foundation of project management cannot be defined. Current definitions such as the PMBOKs a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result can apply to the baking of a cake as easily as the construction of a multi story building. They are both temporary endeavors to create a unique outcome but in all probability the baking of a cake is not a project.The traditional view of projects engraft in the various BoKs is derived from both the management theories underpinning modern project management and the industrial base of early project management practitioners (construction / defense / engineering). The BoKs tend to treat projects as naturally occurring entities that need to be managed. This is an effortless enough assumption when focusing on a building or a battle ship. There is a physical presence that occupies a defined space that needs creating in a defined timeframe to a defined scope.This view assumes project exists and project management is about transforming the raw materials of the project into a finished and useful form. Consequently it is the presence of the project itself that defines project management. The PMBOKs version is The action of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements. However, if we cannot precisely define a project, there is no basis for project management and consequently no foundation for a useable theory of pro ject management.Researchers and academics are startle to reverse the idea that a project is necessary for project management to exist and suggest it is the application of project management to an endeavour that creates a project. Some of the ideas being discussed include Projects as Temporary association Organizations (TKOs). This school of thought focuses on the idea that the primary instrument of project management is the project police squad and the recognition that predictability is not a reality of project management.Some key ideas include o The concept of the project team as a complex adaptive system (or organism), living on the edge of chaos responding and adapting to its surroundings (ie the projects stakeholders) offers one new spate of insights. o The idea of Nonlinearity suggests that you can do the same thing several times over and get completely different results. petite differences may lead to big changes whilst big variations may have minimal effect. This idea q uestions the validity of detailed programming attempting to predict the path of a project (the butterfly effect, constrained by rummy attractors). The concept of Complex Responsive Processes of Relating (CRPR) puts emphasis on the interaction among people and the essentially responsive and participative nature of the human processes of organizing and relating. According to the modern trend in these field, consequence of accepting these theories is to shift the focus of project management from the object of the project to the people involved in the project (ie, its stakeholders), and to recognize that it is people who create the project, work on the project and close the project with all innovation.Consequently the purpose of most if not all project control documents such as schedules and cost plans shift from being an attempt to control the future this is impossible to a process for communicating with and influencing stakeholders to encourage and guide their involvement in the pr oject. nevertheless the advantages of project management, it would be unreasonable to expect all innovation to be carried out through projects. In fact, many ideas are generated by employees in a company on a regular basis, not only within project teams.Thus, there is certainly a room for functional, on-going organization of innovation process. even off more so, in certain situations project management can be detrimental to innovation. Aggeri and Segrestin (2007) show that the recent project development methods in automotive industry can induce negative effects on collective learning processes and these effects have managerial implications for innovative developments. Argument for Managing Innovation in Projects The origins of project management in the manufacturing and construction ndustries determine an engineering perspective, viewing a project as a task-focused entity, proceeding in a linear or similar way from the point of initiation to implementation. This view prevailed unt il comparatively recently. This view is seemingly in stark contrast with the nature of innovation. It is more and more being acknowledge that the innovation is a complex non-linear process. The earliest view on innovation process as a pipeline model (whereby a given input is transformed to a specific output) has been largely abandoned.Presently, however, project management is increasingly recognised as a key generic skill for business management (Fangel, 1993), rather than a planning-oriented technique or an application of engineering sciences and optimization theory, in which project management has its roots (Soderlund, 2004). The management by projects has emerged as general mode of organizing for all forms of enterprise (Turner 2003). This new preparation of project management enables to embrace the non-linear nature of innovation.Even a creative and non-linear nature of innovation is often characterized as an organizational or management process, rather than spontaneous impro visation. Davila et al. (2006) state, Innovation, like many business functions, is a management process that requires specific tools, rules, and discipline. Hence, a project, with its defined objective, scope, budget and limitations, can be an appropriate setting of innovation. The other closely linked element in the new world of project management with innovation is embracing uncertainty. Writing on paper cannot control the futureSchedules do not control time cost plans do not control costs. Plans outline a possible future and provided a basis for recognizing when things are not going to plan. For innovation project management to succeed, both project and higher-ranking management are going to need to embrace uncertainty and learn skills to manage it rather than expecting predictability and needfully being disappointed by the variability of reality as it unfolds. Challenges of Empirical Studies Scarcity and unreliability, or even lack of data poses a big challenge in research in both innovation and project management. A macro-level research n PM is obstructed by the lack of data on the number of projects, carried out by firms and public institutions, and their characteristics. Problems stem from the definition of a project and the non-disclosure policy of most companies. In such circumstances, PM research has tended to rely on case-studies or on small-scale tailor-make surveys. There is a widely acknowledged lack of large-scale empirical research in PM (Kloppenborg and Opfer, 2002 Soderlund, 2004). It is claimed that the Independent Project Analysis (IPA) is the market leader in quantitative analysis of project management systems, i. . in project evaluation and project system benchmarking (IPA, 2007). All IPA analyses and research are based on proprietary databases. As of mid-2009, IPAs databases contain more than 11,000 projects of all sizes ($20,000 to $25 billion) executed across the world. all(prenominal) year, approximately 1,000 projects are added with representation from the many different industries served by IPA. Each project in our databases is characterized by over 2,000 project attributes, including technology, project scope, project type, project costs, year of authorization, and geographical location (IPA 2009).All entropy contained in the IPA databases is carefully protected and kept as confidential proprietary data (IPA, 2009). Due to the issues of confidentiality, approach path for academic researchers is restricted. In the innovation field, academic community has been increasingly using several sources of data, such as granted patents, tailor-made surveys, as well as other data provided by national statistical offices. European research on innovation uses several instruments to obtain data on innovation indicators and to treasure national innovation performance.The two main instruments are the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) and the European Innovation Scorecard (EIS). As of 2009, five successful CIS surveys have been carried out CIS1 (1992), CIS2 (1996), CIS3 (2001), CIS4 (2004) and CIS 2006. Each new round was characterized by an improved questionnaire, in line with the evolution of understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. The more recent surveys embraced understanding of innovation in a broader sense, and for example, paid more attention to service innovations.Further, it is expected that the future surveys will also include management techniques, organizational change, environmental benefits, and design and marketing issues. We argue that, taken into consideration the growing relevancy of innovation projects, a clearer and explicit wording should be used in CIS questionnaire for determining whether innovation is organized and carried out in projects or functionally. CONCLUSIONS Innovation studies and project management as distinctive disciplines have been developing in a relative isolation from each other.The analysis in innovation studies domain has rarely explored the mecha nisms and patterns of innovation in projects in contrast to traditional (functional or hierarchical) organization. However, since innovation management in companies is increasingly organized in projects, it is of utmost importance to directly address the interplay between innovation management and project management. In this paper, based on the relevant literature and insights from practice, we conceptually examined the relationships between these two research areas aiming at bridging the gap between them.It is widely acknowledged within the discipline of innovation studies that there is a high percentage of failure of innovation initiatives, in other words, failure is inevitable when managing innovation. The key skill set of the competent project manager will be identifying and managing stakeholder expectations using tools such as the Stakeholder circle to dish identify the projects key stakeholders. Innovation is perceived as a luxury, not as a necessity. Therefore, it is of high priority to manage innovation effectively and efficiently with constrained budgets.