Tuesday, May 26, 2020

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Friday, May 15, 2020

Analysis Of Capital Asset Pricing Model Scenarios Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 890 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Diversification refers to the strategies of reducing economic risk by investing in assets whose performance is not affected by the same economic variables. A group of assets forms a portfolio. A company can have two types of economic risks; financial risks and total operating risks. Financial risk results from use of debt capital in the companys structure and it is usually measured using the gearing ratio. Gearing ratio is found by dividing total debt capital with equity and then multiplying the quotient with a hundred percent. The higher the gearing ratio the higher the risk The total operating risk is the fluctuation of the companys expected earnings of portfolio due to the nature of the industry in which the company operates. Total risk is a combination of systematic and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk is the variation in return of securities due to factors which systematically affect all firms adversely such as war, recession and high interest rate. Syst ematic risks are therefore not diversifiable and the concept of diversification cannot apply to them. Based on this argument then, it is correct to say that a large fire that relentlessly affects three major U.S. cites is a systematic risk and systematic risks are not diversifiable. Unsystematic risk is the variation in return of a company or a security due to factors unique or specific to a particular company or portfolio. These are the factors such as legal suits, winning or losing in a major contract, successful or unsuccessful marketing strategy. Since these events are random, they can be eliminated by diversification where bad events in one firm will be offset by a good event in the other. A significant anticipated increase in oil prices and a major legal suit against a public company are unsystematic risks which can be eliminated by portfolio diversification. Factors affecting the efficiency of a portfolio include the number of securities forming the portfolio and the na ture of relationship between return of security forming the portfolio. Research has shown that between twenty and twenty five well selected securities will form an efficient portfolio. The nature of relationship between return of security forming the portfolio can either be positive or negative. Security returns are assumed to have a negative relationship if a given economic factor affects their performance in the opposite direction. Therefore for risk diversification negative relationship is recommended. Capital asset pricing model Given that the return of asset i is 10%, the risk free rate is 3% and the Beta (b) for Asset I is 1.5 the expected rate of return of the market portfolio is given by: Expected return of market portfolio will be abbreviated as E_Rm Beta for asset I will be abbreviated as B_i Risk free rate will be abbreviated as R_f Market return for asset I will be abbreviated as R_i E_Rm = R_f + B_i (R_i- R_f ) E_Rm = 3% + 1.5 (10% 3%) = 13.5 If the expected rate of return on asset j is 14%, the Beta of the asset is 1.5 and the expected return on the market portfolio is 12% then by rearranging the CAPM we can find the risk free rate. 12% = R_f + 1.5 (14% -? R?_f ) 21%-12%=1.5 R_f- ? R?_f 0.5 ? R?_f = 9 ? R?_f = 18% The Beta of an entire market portfolio is usually equal to one therefore the Beta of a portfolio containing half of the stocks in the entire market is zero point five (0.5) Message of CAPM to corporate and investors CAPM allows the analyst to split the total risk of security into portions namely diversifiable and non diversifiable risk. It provides a framework for measuring systematic risk of an individual security and relating it to the systematic risk of a well diversified portfolio. CAPM states that the risk that remains after diversification can be measured by the degree to which the given stock tends to move up and down in the market (the sensitivity of the returns to changes in mark et portfolio). Systematic risk can be measured by Beta factor. To investors and corporate CAPM allows them to identify extent of diversifiable risk in their portfolio and contrasts this risk to an ideal portfolio. CAPM also allows investors and corporate apply the security market line (SML). The tradeoff between market risk and return in a well diversified portfolio is represented by the security market line. This is important for corporate as they strive to achieve optimal market portfolio in order to achieve the best return and attract investors. SML is similar to capital market line (CML) except in the following ways; CML deals with total risk as measured by standard deviation while SML deals with systematic risk as measured by beta factor. The CML deals with efficient portfolios while the SML deals with individual security. Since investors deal with individual securities they can apply SML. Corporations can use CML since they are interested in total risk. The main message of CAPM is therefore; a market portfolio is representative of all the securities in the market, a security with a Beta factor equal to one means all securities in the market are represented in the in the portfolio, a security with a Beta factor more than one is said to be more sensitive and less than one is sad to be less sensitive. The risk free rate is represented by the treasury bills and government bonds rate of return. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis Of Capital Asset Pricing Model Scenarios Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Strength of the Human Spirit Revealed by Ivan Denisovich...

Strength of the Human Spirit Revealed in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Life can be incredibly hard at times; nearly everyone encounters a period of time when circumstances become unbearably difficult. Imagine being assigned to ten years of unceasing and tremendous hardships, as is the plight of the protagonist in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Alexander Solzhenitsyn. This book describes in detail only one day of Ivans ten-year sentence in a Russian work camp in the 1950s. During this day, which is like most others, he is starved, nearly frozen, overworked, and punished unjustly; however, as the day unfolds, it is obvious that Ivan will never give up and never give in. The character of Ivan Denisovich is a†¦show more content†¦As Ivan dresses, he remembers with disgust that his work gang may be assigned to a new job, building a Socialist Community Development in the middle of a cold field covered in icy snow. A fellow prisoner claims, Its at least twenty below (6) outside and Ivan knows that the only way he and his gang will keep warm out on the field will be to work hard and fast, which will be difficult given the conditions and limited food rations. Ivan and his gang know that the men in the other gangs are just as weak as they are; no other gang receives any more food rations, or more clothing than they do. Regardless, the gang boss plans to palm the job off on some other gang (4). In a struggle for survival, nearly all human beings will gladly pawn their pain and hardships off onto other, struggling human beings. Therefore, Ivan and his gang act only as any other humans would act in such a situation. The symbolism is apparent when it is understood that humans, even those who are not in such extreme positions of survival as a Russian work camp, act in this manner. Ivan and his gang, in their time of desperate struggle, reflect the actions of average human beings in simple, day-to-day struggles. Ivan, at this point, has lived in the camp for eight years. Before his arrest, he had been a carpenter and a soldier with a family, and a life of his own, and now, because of harsh physical and emotional conditions, he has become hard; even his

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Global Marketing and Communication

Questions: 1. Discuss the global, local and Glocal Strategies of marketing mix components.2. Discussion on the target market of Pizza Hut. Answers: Introduction Marketing and communication are two key aspects which a particular company needs to take into account while working in the local as well as in the local market. It is extremely important to mention that most of the multinational companies nowadays are focused on developing a strong platform where they can work all around the world with a single marketing plan with little modifications. On the other hand communication is also an important aspect in the business which helps a company to implement its plans effectively (Czinkota Ronakainen, 2013). There are number of factors that underpin global marketing in the contemporary business environment and hence it is extremely essential for companies to have a fair bit of knowledge about global marketing mix and its components. On the other hand it is also important for companies to develop target market. The present study will delve deep into the discussion of the two key components of marketing which are products and price and it will also entail discussion of the procedure of targeting regions for the sale of products and services and different discussions to underpin the study. The present study will be supported with the case study of Pizza Hut (Goi, 2009). Pizza Hut is one of the worlds largest pizza chains with over 12000 pizza stations and delivery outlets in the world. The company has been able to gain huge market share with its unique product marketing and effective pricing. Pizza Hut as a brand has always focused on satisfying wide number of people in different segments and different target areas. In the recent past Pizza Hut has focused on exploring new markets which has had impetus on its marketing plan. Pizza Hut has come up with different marketing concepts which have helped the company to develop its global market. The company has always tried to have different marketing strategy for different regions which have helped it come closer to its targeted audience. Since the company has had different marketing strategies and have targeted different audience groups which makes the choice of Pizza Hut the case study company absolutely justified (Gordon, 2012). 1. Discuss the global, local and Glocal Strategies of marketing mix components Pizza Hut is a company that works worldwide and has wide and loyal customer base. It is important to mention that Pizza Hut tries to focus on the different target markets and hence it is important that the company understands the different strategies to address different markets. Pizza Hut targets the global market that makes it extremely important for the company to develop a strong marketing plan which would help the company to address a bigger market. The main focus of the company is to fulfill the objectives of the organisation which is to satisfy the customers. Since the company focuses on the worldwide business it becomes important that the company emphasises on its marketing plan (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). The company frames different plans for global business, for local business and finally for both the regions global and local. Even though the company lay stress on all the different components of marketing mix but it especially tries to focus on the two key aspects of the marketing mix which are products and price. Since the company focuses on the development of its business both locally and globally it has to work on these aspects effectively. For Pizza Hut working on these key aspects is important since the food industry is highly competitive and it has huge competition (Dann, 2010). Local Strategy Pizza hut has a unique take on the local strategy Pizza Hut has always tried to target diverse population segments based on the demographics, psychographics and frame its marketing plan accordingly which would help the company to reach its target audience effectively. It is important to mention that the company addresses its local customers in different ways. The company comes up with different marketing mix strategies which helps the company to emphasise on its chosen market effectively. Pizza Huts local pricing and product strategy is largely influenced by the local market. Pizza Hut is mostly known for its Italian products which is pizza and hence the company tries to have unique approach to its products and pricing when addressing the local customers. Its unique strategy is focused on developing the local market. Pizza huts approach to its product development in the local market is done with the help of market research. The company focuses on selling the authentic pizzas and work s on keeping the traditions. In its local market in USA the company focuses making quick tacos, hamburgers and pizzas which help people to meet their demands and needs. Pizza Hut has developed its local market mostly for quick breakfast in its outlets (Papadopoulos Heslop, 2014). In Italy the place of origination of Pizzas the company has focused on developing a great market by introducing Tuscani Pizza which first came in Italy itself with thin crust and gourmet stuff. Its unique way of working globally and thinking locally also came into practice through its products where the company has been able to impress the older Italian adults by inviting them to taste the pizzas to test the quality of the product sold by the company in Italy which was a very much global policy but placed in a local manner. It is also important to mention that working in its local market in America Pizza Hut first introduced which has become a worldwide craze for people that is the Pan fried Pizza which ha s been highly appreciated by the local American citizens Pricing strategy has always been a key factor for Pizza Hut in this highly competitive market. The price strategy of Pizza Hut is premium Price Skimming strategy where the price is kept fixed even if the demand is high or during the time when the demand is low. The price skimming procedure has helped the company to keep its standard in a higher level and has driven many consumers to buy from this company as many people love to buy expensive food just for self satisfaction (Ghauri Cateora, 2010). Global Strategy Pizza Hut is a global business and hence the company focuses on strategising its business as per the area it is serving. Global basis Pizza Huts product strategy has always been unique as the company has assessed each global market effectively and acted globally cum locally which has been an immensely effective product strategy for the company. For instance in Malaysia Pizza Hut introduced the famous Italian American Pan Pizza which has been largely appreciated by the consumers in the Malaysian market. In India with the help of effective promotion Pizza Hut has been able to capture the market and also in order to continue with its Think Global Act Local campaign the company does not use beef in its pizzas given the culture of the country. It is important to mention that this has also made pizza hut a household name all over India. Along with Pizzas it also sells Great Indian Treat, Tandoori Treat in India, In china it sells Sangria and Escargot along with pizzas which makes the consu mers feel at home and makes the company local even when its a foreign company (Kamaladevi, 2010). The products strategy for Pizza Hut stands to be highly concentrated on the taste and preference of the local consumers. It tries to focus on selling products which are highly preferable in a particular area. For instance when it sells its food in the locales of the Britain it emphasises on providing the authentic British taste which helps the company to gain interest among the consumers. The products in the global regions always differ since it helps to develop a strong market base overseas (Teng, 2010). The pricing strategy of Pizza Hut is somehow kept the same even in the global market. But its marketing procedure or price skimming procedure are also tactfully handled. It is important to mention that the company provides numerous offers and freebies with a particular worth of buying which attracts people. In global markets like in India and Malaysia the company understands it has large market share and hence its skimming strategy doesnt affect the sale and rather increases it given its effective and high quality food and wonderful receptions. Even in local market the company skimming strategy helps as most of the pizza companies have something better to offer like Papa Johns traditional pizza and Dominos buy one get one free offers (Srivastava, 2009). Glocal Strategy Glocal strategy mainly the amalgamation of the local as well as the global strategy for marketing mix. It helps addressing both the international as well as the local market. As per the marketing theory Product mix of a company is extremely important to address both local and global needs and Pizza Hut has been successful in doing that. In global market where working people are off to work early and do not get time for lunch dining in a restaurant Pizza Hut has come up with the Pan Pizza for one which has been widely appreciated especially in USA and European nation. For the local market in America and to satisfy the local consumers Pizza Hut has come up with The Big New Yorker Pizza which is especially sold in the US and in no other countries to treat the local customers properly and continue the relationship with them. It is important to mention that most local market of Pizza Hut is highly competitive but due to the effective product strategy the company has retained its market sh ares (Varadarajan, 2010). It could be said that when Pizza Hut is addressing the local market with such catch lines it gives a similar kind of approach even to the global market. It is important to mention that when the company works in countries like India and Malaysia, China, Japan its marketing procedures make the brand local brand and it strategises its product development effectively. When working in the global market it uses taglines to attract consumers which are similar even for the local market. Globally the company has introduced many effective things which have helped the company to gain the global market share equally effectively. Think Global Act Local is another unique strategy that the company has got is the delivery system which has been effective enough for the company both locally and globally. It could be said that the 30mins pizza delivery challenge has been highly effective for the company in all parts of the world which has been immensely effective for the comp any. The company promises to make a pizza order delivery within 30mins from the time of booking which has become key concept in the pizza industry all over the world and has also helped to develop a strong platform for the company. This concept was initially launched in its local market which again justifies the companys Glocal strategy especially in terms of products (Ding et al., 2010). Similarly Pizza Hut has made its price a strong weapon to drive consumers and it has helped to gain upper hand in the market as the company has already proven its worth and quality in the market. Overall it could be said that the pricing strategy taken up by the company is effective both locally and globally given its quality food and commitments towards the consumers which has helped the company to come a long way (Beydoun et al., 2011). 2. Discussion on the target market of Pizza Hut In the study of marketing Segmentation, Targeting and positioning is given paramount importance. Especially targeting is extremely important. As per the classical theory of Marketing targeting could be defined as the choosing of a particular segment of audience to address in the market. Targeting is an extremely important concept for Pizza Hut and it emphasises highly on the effective targeting of the consumers not only locally but also globally since it is a globally recognised brand in the market. It is important to mention that there is huge amount of research that goes into the choice of markets to target. Demographic Segmentation of the market: Age based Segmentation The segmentation of the markets is done in a very prudent manner as the company focuses on addressing the global audience at the same time when it focuses to address the local consumers (Wood, 2011). Hence it becomes extremely important for the company to make its targeting decisions effectively. Normally Pizza Hut focuses on a specific market which has been segmented demographically based on age mostly. Even in the global arena the company focuses on targeting the consumers between the age group of 12 to 45 which involves the teenagers, the youths and the middle aged people. Hence it could be said that the segmentation is done demographically based on age and also regionally which helps the company to address the needs and wants of the customers from the different regions accordingly (Bostrom et al., 2013). The targeted age groups has been chosen by the company as it mainly focuses on informing and creating awareness about pizza among this age group which forms a substantial part of every country as well as since this age group is funny and adventurous and like to explore as well as taste different things they love pizzas designed by the company and hence this justifies the choice of the primary targeted audience of pizza hut (Terpstra et al., 2012). Conclusion The present study has discussed the key aspects of marketing mix and also discussed about the targeting and brand positioning of Pizza Hut. The present study has been able to make us understand the importance of the key components of the global marketing and communication which has helped to complete the study successfully. References Beydoun, M. A., Powell, L. M., Chen, X., Wang, Y. (2011). Food prices are associated with dietary quality, fast food consumption, and body mass index among US children and adolescents.The Journal of nutrition,141(2), 304-311. Bostrom, A., Bhm, G., O'Connor, R. E. (2013). Targeting and tailoring climate change communications.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change,4(5), 447-455. Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. A. (2013).International marketing. Cengage Learning. Dann, S. (2010). Redefining social marketing with contemporary commercial marketing definitions.Journal of Business Research,63(2), 147-153. Ding, M., Ross, W. T., Rao, V. R. (2010). Price as an indicator of quality: implications for utility and demand functions.Journal of Retailing,86(1), 69-84. Ghauri, P. N., Cateora, P. R. (2010).International marketing(pp. 15-16). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Goi, C. L. (2009). A review of marketing mix: 4Ps or more?.International journal of marketing studies,1(1), 2. Gordon, R. (2012). Re-thinking and re-tooling the social marketing mix.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),20(2), 122-126. He, W., Zha, S., Li, L. (2013). Social media competitive analysis and text mining: A case study in the pizza industry.International Journal of Information Management,33(3), 464-472. Kamaladevi, B. (2010). Customer experience management in retailing.Business Intelligence Journal,3(1), 37-54. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2010).Principles of marketing. pearson education. Papadopoulos, N., Heslop, L. A. (2014).Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Srivastava, R. K. (2009). Measuring brand strategy: can brand equity and brand score be a tool to measure the effectiveness of strategy?.Journal of Strategic Marketing,17(6), 487-497. Teng, L. (2009). A comparison of two types of price discounts in shifting consumers' attitudes and purchase intentions.Journal of Business Research,62(1), 14-21. Terpstra, V., Foley, J., Sarathy, R. (2012).International marketing. Naper Press. Varadarajan, R. (2010). Strategic marketing and marketing strategy: domain, definition, fundamental issues and foundational premises.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,38(2), 119-140. Wood, M. B. (2011).The marketing plan handbook. Pearson Higher Ed.