Discuss, quoting examples from NRM2 and CESMM4, the differences in Assignment

Discuss, quoting examples from NRM2 and CESMM4, the differences in measuring building and civil engineering work and why these differences - Assignment Example The much-anticipated CESMM4 brings inline the method with changes in the trade practices and expands its applications in other new fields. However, the CESMM4 method does not need any changes or learning to the business practices. Similarly, the version has been modified to include modern technologies and initial neutral contract, can be applicable among different contract suites such as FIDIC, ICC, and NEC. In the absence of restrictions on the National Standards and form of contract, CESMM4 is the critical and accessible edition to date, crucial for the construction and civil engineering projects across the globe (Barnes 2002). The CESMM4 standard of measurement reflect various methods in the industry, not only in the nature of work, but the estimating conventions and the degree of detail in use by both the civil engineering and construction sectors. Therefore, it reflects different ways that civil engineering and building projects are carried out and organized. In general, New Rules of Measurement (NRM2) emphasizes a lot on details, whereas CESMM4 has an inclusive stance about the process of analysis. Construction work has different areas whereas civil engineering works have massive quantities of a relatively small range of issues. For example, while using NRM2 to measure hole, it is essential to separate working space and earthwork support. Nevertheless, while using CESMM4, all items should be in a single excavation item (Lee et al. 2011). It significant to acknowledge at this level that NRM2 is not a system of classification in itself; it refers to a collection of measurement rules. Similarly, among the NRM2 objectives is to map onto several classification systems, including Uniclass and CAWS. However, the rules of measurement will be the same in all cases. For example, the measurement of concrete work will remain in cubic meters, and the brick works measurement will still be in

One Machine in Cement Production Industry Essay Example for Free

One Machine in Cement Production Industry Essay The cement packing machine is mainly used for packing cement in bags, or other fluit powdery materials bagging work. Except manual sidekick, baggs cant fall off unless the bulking load reach centain amount. The machine can stop immediately when bag happens to fall of suddenly. It can charge load without compressing air, which reduces the packer damadge caused by damaged pneumatic components. Most of the cement packer is divided into fixed and rotary. The work of running processes 1). Start the operation steps: The circular telegram starts the belt fastener start the packer start the feeding engine to insert the bag to fill installs measurement fall the bag . 2). Engine off step: Closes the feeding engine emptying the cement in the packer switch off the total power source . Entire operation and routine maintenance When the operation appears failure ,emergency stopping maintenance , cutting off power supply, , listing alerts or the specialist care. 6). Packer of grounding protection wants safely reliable,and regularly test ground resistance . 7). When the belt suddenly stop , they should immediately cut off the cement packer rotary power to scratch-resistant package

A Study of Modern and Classical Fencing :: Expository Essays Research Papers

A Study of Modern and Classical Fencing Fencing is a method of personal expression and release. It is ultimatly a way of life for some. Nevertheless, this noble lifestyle is dying out. There are those who would convince others that classical fencing is a way of the past. In its place they would promote a sport that uses the same equipment and yet, is so different, that one cannot think of it in the same light. The controversy between these two poses the question "is Olympic fencing better than classical?"; A question that will require some research. According to information from the web document "The Worlds oldest Modern Sport," fencing as we know it was developed by the Egyptians sometime around 1200 BC. "The earliest depiction of a fencing match is a relief in the temple of Medin at Habu, near Luxor in Egypt, built by Ramses III about 1190 BC. This relief depicts a practice bout or match, because the sword points are covered and the swordsmen are parrying with shields strapped to their left arms and are wearing masks (tied to their wigs), large bibs, and padding over their ears" (Beumont). Swordsmanship, as a pastime and in single combat and war, was also practiced widely by the ancient Persians, Babylonians, Greeks, and Romans, as well as by some Germanic tribes. They used protective tips on their weapons and even a crude form of facial protection. This is depicted on a carving in Egypt, along with the fact that judges were used to score and oversee the matches. The author of "A History of Fencing" wrote that the Roman and Greek civilizations continued the fencing tradition with short swords. This continued until the fall of Rome in 476 AD. The barbarians who defeated Rome used crude heavy swords, which could break the lighter short swords. These massive weapons rendered smaller swords ineffective, and suppressed fencing for the time ("A history..."). An entry in "A Timeline of Fencing History" states that it wasn't until the 14th century AD that fencing made a comeback. Suprisingly it was the invention of gunpowder that marked the return of fencing swords. Gunpowder made heavy armor and swords obsolete ("The Worlds..."). Mobility became more important because firearms rendered the protection previously available through armor ineffective. Many officers and "gentlemen" then adopted the light rapier as a sidearm. Fencing quickly became the rage of the ages. Due to the sudden increase in the popularity of fencing, fencing guilds, such as the Marxbruder in Germany, sprang up across Europe ("A Timeline. A Study of Modern and Classical Fencing :: Expository Essays Research Papers A Study of Modern and Classical Fencing Fencing is a method of personal expression and release. It is ultimatly a way of life for some. Nevertheless, this noble lifestyle is dying out. There are those who would convince others that classical fencing is a way of the past. In its place they would promote a sport that uses the same equipment and yet, is so different, that one cannot think of it in the same light. The controversy between these two poses the question "is Olympic fencing better than classical?"; A question that will require some research. According to information from the web document "The Worlds oldest Modern Sport," fencing as we know it was developed by the Egyptians sometime around 1200 BC. "The earliest depiction of a fencing match is a relief in the temple of Medin at Habu, near Luxor in Egypt, built by Ramses III about 1190 BC. This relief depicts a practice bout or match, because the sword points are covered and the swordsmen are parrying with shields strapped to their left arms and are wearing masks (tied to their wigs), large bibs, and padding over their ears" (Beumont). Swordsmanship, as a pastime and in single combat and war, was also practiced widely by the ancient Persians, Babylonians, Greeks, and Romans, as well as by some Germanic tribes. They used protective tips on their weapons and even a crude form of facial protection. This is depicted on a carving in Egypt, along with the fact that judges were used to score and oversee the matches. The author of "A History of Fencing" wrote that the Roman and Greek civilizations continued the fencing tradition with short swords. This continued until the fall of Rome in 476 AD. The barbarians who defeated Rome used crude heavy swords, which could break the lighter short swords. These massive weapons rendered smaller swords ineffective, and suppressed fencing for the time ("A history..."). An entry in "A Timeline of Fencing History" states that it wasn't until the 14th century AD that fencing made a comeback. Suprisingly it was the invention of gunpowder that marked the return of fencing swords. Gunpowder made heavy armor and swords obsolete ("The Worlds..."). Mobility became more important because firearms rendered the protection previously available through armor ineffective. Many officers and "gentlemen" then adopted the light rapier as a sidearm. Fencing quickly became the rage of the ages. Due to the sudden increase in the popularity of fencing, fencing guilds, such as the Marxbruder in Germany, sprang up across Europe ("A Timeline.

Syllabus Planning

Syllabus Design Syllabus: A syllabus is an expression of opinion on the nature of language and learning; it acts as a guide for both teacher and learner by providing some goals to be attained. Hutchinson and Waters (1987:80) define syllabus as follows: At its simplest level a syllabus can be described as a statement of what is to be learnt. It reflects language and linguistic performance. This is a rather traditional interpretation of syllabus focusing on outcomes rather than process. However, a syllabus can also be seen as a â€Å"summary of the content to which learners will be exposed† (Yalden. 1987).It is seen as an approximation of what will be taught and that it cannot accurately predict what will be learnt A language teaching syllabus involves the integration of subject matter and linguistic matter. Difference between Syllabus and Curriculum Curriculum is wider term as compared with syllabus. Curriculum covers all the activities and arrangements made by the institution through out the academic year to facilitate the learners and the instructors. Where as Syllabus is limited to particular subject of a particular class. Syllabus Design To design a syllabus is to decide what gets taught and in what order.For this reason, the theory of language underlying the language teaching method will play a major role in determining what syllabus should be adopted. Theory of learning also plays an important part in determining the kind of syllabus used. For example, a syllabus based on the theory of learning evolved by cognitive code teaching would emphasize language forms and whatever explicit descriptive knowledge about those forms. A syllabus based on an acquisition theory of learning, however, would emphasize unanalyzed and carefully selected experiences of the new language.The choice of a syllabus is a major decision in language teaching, and it should be made as consciously and with as much information as possible. There has been much confusion over the yea rs as to what different types of content are possible in language teaching syllabi and as to whether the differences are in syllabus or method. Several distinct types of language teaching syllabi exist, and these different types may be implemented in various teaching situations. TYPES OF SYLLABI Although six different types of language teaching syllabi are treated here as though each occurred â€Å"purely,† but in practice, these types rarely occur independently.Almost all actual language teaching syllabi are combinations of two or more of the types defined here. For a given course, one type of syllabus usually dominates, while other types of content may be combined with it. Furthermore, the six types of syllabi are not entirely distinct from each other. For example, the distinction between skill-based and task-based syllabi may be minimal. In such cases, the distinguishing factor is often the way in which the instructional content is used in the actual teaching procedure.The characteristics, differences, strengths, and weaknesses of individual syllabi are defined as follows: 1:- Product-Oriented Syllabus This kind of syllabuses emphasizes the product of language learning and is prone to approval from an authority. There are three types of syllabus described in the following: (i) The Structural Syllabus Historically, the most prevalent of syllabus type is perhaps the structural or grammatical syllabus in which the selection and grading of the content is based on the complexity and simplicity of grammatical items.The learner is expected to master each structural step and add it to her grammar collection. As such the focus is on the outcomes or the product. One problem facing the syllabus designer pursuing a grammatical order to sequencing input is that the ties connecting the structural items may be rather weak. A more fundamental criticism is that the grammatical syllabus focuses on only one aspect of language, namely grammar, whereas in truth there exi st many more aspects of language. Finally, recent research suggests there is a isagreement between the grammar of the spoken and of the written language; raising complications for the grading of content in grammar based syllabuses. (ii) The Situational Syllabus The limitations found in structural approach led to an alternative approach where situational needs are emphasized rather than grammatical units. Here, the principal organizing characteristic is a list of situations which reflects the way language is used in everyday life i. e. outside the classroom.Thus, by linking structural theory to situations the learner is able to grasp the meaning in relevant context. One advantage of the situational Syllabus is that motivation will be heightened since it is â€Å"learner- rather than subject-centered† (Wilkins. 1976). However, a situational syllabus will be limited for students whose needs were not encompassed by the situations in the syllabus. This dissatisfaction led Wilkins to describe notional and communicative categories which had a significant impact on syllabus design. (iii) The Notional/Functional SyllabusWilkins' criticism of structural and situational approaches lies in the fact that they answer only the ‘how' or ‘when' and ‘where' of language use (Brumfit and Johnson. 1979:84). Instead, he enquires â€Å"what it is they communicate through language† Thus, the starting point for a syllabus is the communicative purpose and conceptual meaning of language i. e. notions and functions, as opposed to only the grammatical items and situational elements. In order to establish objectives of such a syllabus, the needs of the learners will have to be analyzed on the base of communication need.Consequently, needs analysis has an association with notional/functional syllabuses. White (1988:77) claims that â€Å"language functions do not usually occur in isolation† and there are also difficulties of selecting and grading functi on and form. The above approaches belong to the product-oriented category of syllabuses. An alternative path to Syllabus Design would be to adopt process oriented principles, which assume that language can be learnt experientially as opposed to the step-by-step procedure of the synthetic approach. 2:- Process-Oriented SyllabusesProcess-Oriented Syllabuses are developed as a result of a sense of failure in product-oriented courses to enhance communicative language skills. Syllabus is a process rather than a product. That is, focus is not on what the student will have accomplished on completion of the program, but on the specification of learning tasks and activities that s/he will undertake during the course. (i)Procedural/Task-Based Syllabus Prabhu's (1979) ‘Bangalore Project' is a classic example of a procedural syllabus. Here, the question concerning ‘what' becomes subordinate to the question concerning ‘how'.The focus shifts from the linguistic element to the ed ucational, with an emphasis on learning or learner. Within such a framework the selection, ordering and grading of content is no longer wholly significant for the syllabus designer. Arranging the Syllabus around tasks such as information- and opinion-gap activities, it was hoped that the learner would perceive the language subconsciously whilst consciously concentrating on solving the meaning behind the tasks. There appears to be an indistinct boundary between this approach and that of language teaching methodology.A task-based syllabus assumes that speaking a language is a skill best perfected through practice and interaction, and uses tasks and activities to encourage learners to use the language communicatively in order to achieve a purpose. Tasks must be relevant to the real world language needs of the student. That is, the underlying learning theory of task based and communicative language teaching seems to suggest that activities in which language is employed to complete meani ngful tasks, enhances learning. (ii)Learner-Led SyllabusThe notion of basing a syllabus on how learners learn language was proposed by Breen and Candlin (1984). Here the emphasis lies on the learner, who it is hoped will be involved in the implementation of the syllabus design. By being fully aware of the course they are studying, it is believed that their interest and motivation will increase, coupled with the positive effect of nurturing the skills required to learn. However, as suggested earlier, a predetermined syllabus provides support and guidance for the teacher and should not be so easily dismissed.Critics have suggested that a learner-led syllabus seems radical and utopian in that it will be difficult to follow as the direction of the syllabus will be largely the responsibility of the learners. This leads to the final syllabus design to be examined ; the proportional syllabus as suggested by Yalden (1987). (iii)The Proportional Syllabus The proportional syllabus basically a ttempts to develop an â€Å"overall competence†. It consists of a number of elements within the main theme playing a linking role through the units.This theme is designated by the learners. It is expected initially that form will be of central value, but later, the focus will turn towards interactional components. The syllabus is designed to be dynamic, not static, with sufficient opportunity for feedback and flexibility. The shift from form to interaction can occur at any time and is not limited to a particular stratum of learners. As Yalden observes, it is important for a syllabus to indicate explicitly what will be taught, â€Å"not what will be learned†.This practical approach with its focus on flexibility and spiral method of language sequencing leading to the recycling of language, seems relevant for learners who lack exposure to the target language beyond the classroom. Practical Guidelines to Syllabus Choice and Design It is clear that no single type of content is appropriate for all teaching settings, and the needs and conditions of each setting are so particular that specific recommendations for combination are not possible. However, a set of guidelines for the process is provided below. Steps in preparing a practical language teaching Syllabus Choice: 1.Determine, to the extent possible, what outcomes are desired for the students in the instructional program i. e. what the students should be able to do as a result of the instruction. 2. Rank the syllabus types presented here as to their likelihood of leading to the outcomes desired. Arrange the six types with preference you going to give to each type. 3. Evaluate available resources for teaching, needs analysis, materials choice and production and in training for teachers. 4. Rank the syllabi relative to available resources. That is, determine what syllabus types would be the easiest to implement within available resources. . Compare the lists made under Nos. 2 and 4. Making as few adj ustments to the earlier list as possible, produce a new list of ranking based on the availability of resources. 6. Designate one or two syllabus types as dominant and one or two as secondary. 7. Review the question of combination or integration of syllabus types and determine how combinations will be achieved and in what proportion. In making practical decisions about syllabus design, one must take into consideration all the possible factors that might affect the teachability of a particular syllabus.By starting with an examination of each syllabus type, tailoring the choice and integration of the different types according to local needs, one may find a principled and practical solution to the problem of appropriateness and effectiveness in syllabus design. Suggested Steps for Planning Syllabus: †¢Develop a well-grounded rationale for your course. †¢Decide what you want students to be able to do as a result of taking your course, and how their work will be appropriately as sessed. †¢Define and delimit course content. †¢Structure your students’ active involvement in learning. Identify and develop resources. †¢Compose your syllabus with a focus on student learning. Suggested Principles for Designing a Syllabus that Fosters Critical Thinking: †¢Critical thinking is a learnable skill; the instructor and class fellows are resources in developing critical thinking skills. †¢Problems, questions, or issues are the point of entry into the subject and a source of motivation for nonstop inquiry. †¢Successful courses balance the challenge to think critically with supporting students’’developmental needs. †¢Courses should be assignment centered rather than text and lecture centered.Goals, methods and evaluation emphasize using content rather than simply acquiring it. †¢Students are required to formulate their ideas in writing or other appropriate means. †¢Students should collaborate to learn and to stretch their thinking, for example, in pair problem solving and small group work. †¢Courses that teach problem-solving skills nurture students’ metacognitive abilities. †¢The developmental needs of students are acknowledged and used as information in the design of the course. Teachers in these courses make standards explicit and then help students learn how to achieve them. Syllabus Functions: Establishes an early point of contact and connection between student and instructor †¢Describes your beliefs about educational purposes †¢Acquaints students with the logistics of the syllabus †¢Contains collected handouts †¢Defines student responsibilities for successful course work †¢Describes active learning †¢Helps students to assess their readiness for your syllabus †¢Sets the course in a broader context for learning †¢Provides a conceptual framework †¢Describes available learning resources †¢Communicates the role of techn ology in the course †¢Can improve the effectiveness of student note-taking Can include material that supports learning outside the classroom †¢Can serve as a learning contract Checklist Syllabus Design: †¢Title Page †¢Table of Contents †¢Instructor Information †¢Letter to the Student †¢Purpose of the Course †¢Course Description †¢Course and Unit Objectives †¢Resources †¢Readings †¢Course Calendar †¢Course Requirements †¢Evaluation †¢Grading Procedures †¢How to Use the Syllabus †¢How to Study for This Course †¢Content Information †¢Learning Tools Course Objectives: †¢What will the students know and be able to do as a result of having taken this course? What levels of cognitive thinking are required from students to engage in? †¢What learning skills will the students develop in the course? †¢Instructional Approaches: †¢Given the kind of learning I'd like to encourage and foster, what kinds of instructional interactions need to occur? Teacher-student, student-student, student-peer tutor? †¢What kinds of instructional approaches are most conducive to helping students accomplish set learning objectives? †¢How will classroom interactions be facilitated? In-class? Out-of-class? Online? Electronic discussion? Newsgroups? Chatroom?Course Requirements, Assignments: †¢What will students be expected to do in the course? †¢What kinds of assignments, tests do most appropriately reflect the course objectives? †¢Do assignments and tests bring forth the kind of learning I want to foster? Assignments (frequency, timing, sequence)? Tests? Quizzes? Exams? Papers? Special projects? Laboratories? Field trips? Learning logs? Journals? Oral presentations? Research on the web? Web publishing? Electronic databases? †¢What kinds of skills do the students need to have in order to be successful in the course? Computer literacy?Research skills? Wr iting skills? Communication skills? Conflict resolution skills? Familiarity with software? Course Policies: †¢What is expected of the student? Attendance? Participation? Student responsibility in their learning? Contribution to group work? Missed assignments? Late work? Extra credit? Academic dishonesty? Makeup policy? Classroom management issues? Laboratory safety? Grading, Evaluation: †¢How will the students' work be graded and evaluated? Number of tests? In-class? Take-home? Point value? Proportion of each test toward final grade? Grading scale? How is the final grade determined? Drop lowest grade? †¢How do students receive timely feedback on their performance? Instructor? Self-assessment? Peer review? Peer tutors? Opportunities for improvement? Ungraded assignments? Texts/Resources/Readings/Supplies: †¢What kinds of materials will be used during the course? Electronic databases? Electronic Course Reserve? Course Webpage? Software? Simulations? Laboratory equi pment? †¢What kinds of instructional technologies will be used? †¢Course Calendar: †¢In what sequence will the content be taught? When are major assignments due?Fieldtrips? Guestspeaker? Schedule for Term Examination? Result? Vacations? †¢Study Tips/Learning Resources: †¢How will the student be most successful in the course? †¢What resources are available? Online quiz generator? Study guides? Lecture notes online? Lecture notes on reserve in library? Guestspeaker to explain/demonstrate online resources? TA? Peer tutors? Study groups? Academic Services Center? Writing Center? Evaluation of online resources? Citation of web resources? Student Feedback on Instruction: †¢Anonymous suggestion box on the web and E-mail. Student feedback at midterm for instructional improvement purposes. †¢End-of-term student feedback. Supplement to departmental student feedback form. Bibliography 1. Brumfit, C. J. and Johnson, K. (1979) The Communicative Approach To Language Teaching. Oxford University Press. 2. Hutchinson, T. and Waters, A. (1987) English For Specific Purposes: A Learning Centred Approach. Cambridge University Press. 3. Long, R. W. and Russell, G. (1999) â€Å"Student Attitudinal Change over an Academic Year†. The Language Teacher. Cambridge University Press. 4. Nunan, D. (1988) Syllabus Design.Oxford University Press. 5. Prabhu, N. S. (1987) Second Language Pedagogy. Oxford University Press. 6. Richards, J. C. and Rodgers, T. S. (1986) Approaches And Methods In Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press. 7. White, R. V. (1988) The ELT Curriculum: Design, Innovation And Management. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 8. Widdowson, H. G. (1978) Teaching Language As Communication. Oxford University Press.. 9. Wilkins, D. A. (1976) Notional Syllabuses. Oxford University Press. 10. Yalden, J. (1987) Principles of Course Design for Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press.

The Directive for the American Dream

Robert Frost is one of the most popular poets in America. He was known as the favorite poet of the country’s citizens (Hollander). In â€Å"Directive†, one of his popular works, Frost became controversial as the interpretation of the poem actually suggested that in order to find one’s self; one has to get lost first. This may be true as there is no necessity to find something which is not lost. However, by claiming this in his poem, it has been said that Frost has presented to his audience the modern version of the American dream. The American DreamThe concept, American Dream, began from the writer James Truslow Adams. He used it in his book, â€Å"Epic of America†, which was published in 1931. The concept referred to that dream or vision of a land in which life is better, richer, and fuller for all people. The opportunities in this land are according to each person’s ability and accomplishments. It is not merely a dream of people to have high-end p roperties and earn high salaries; instead it is a vision of a social order in which all men and women may be able to achieve the fullest stature that their innate capability may bring them.This is regardless of concepts that are relative to fate or destiny, like circumstances of birth or position (â€Å"What is the American Dream†). During the 30’s, the century in which this work was published, the American dream actually started to become vague. Although there were people who believed strongly in the American dream, there were also those who slowly lost faith. America was then under the great depression and its economy was at a very low status; thus, the vision of the American dream seemed rather obscure (Sutton). However, as the time passed, the cloudiness of the vision started to clear up.America slowly got to its feet again and the dreamers, who woke up during the great depression, began to dream again. Today the dream is still on-going and the dreamers have now gr own to multitudes. From Americans who believed their founding fathers, the dream has already spread to other countries (Sutton). Foreigners who continued to enter America were said to have been armed with their American dream. They come into the country, with the desire to earn for themselves and their families and to achieve greater. This is then current generation’s view of the American dream (Bohan).This may be what Frost was referring to in his poem. It may be remembered that the poem, â€Å"Directive† was about a speaker telling someone that he can accompany him around, direct him somewhere. But there is a huge probability that he may only take the person to the wrong destination as indicated by this line, â€Å"if you'll let a guide direct you/ Who only has at heart your getting lost† (Frost). This may point that Frost was trying to tell his audience that in order for a person to find his true destination, he must first get lost.In the earlier part of the poem the speaker described the places that the person he will be accompanying may go through. It is an old town, where everything is dilapidated and destroyed. The roads were once walked on yet no longer visited and patronized. It is a place that people has deserted (Frost). This may be comparable to the fact that when foreign migrants start to envision something great for themselves and decides to transfer to America, he leaves behind the home he once knew. The deserted place may refer to the life the migrants once had. It was tattered, of not the best quality, and very poor.Now the journey that the poem is referring to may be the travel in order to achieve the American dream. This may refer to the part of the migrant’s life where he enacts the dream and tries to fulfill it. In the poem, this is the line that says, ‘Make yourself up a/cheering song of how /Someone's road home from work this once was, /Who may be just ahead of you on foot† (Frost). It indicates th at many have done the same things and many have dreamed the same dream and have embarked on the journey. They left their home, their old lives, and even their identities.The way that the migrants left their identities behind is the notion of ‘lost’ that was being referred to by Frost in his work. Paralleling this to the American dream, it should be noted that foreign people enter the country to work and the citizens have the tendency to discriminate. These immigrants are not only viewed unequally by the citizens; they are also treated unequally by those who employ them. One common instance is the case of the Mexican laborers who are paid with lower wages but given bigger and more difficult jobs than American laborers.People seem to have this notion that when the work is done by Mexicans, it can be as good and efficient but not as costly. This notion is directly related to their racial affiliations (La Botz). The fact that when they are seen this way denotes that they ha ve already lost their dignity and themselves. There seems to be no hope if this kind of situation is examined, however, as the poem indicates, â€Å"And if you're lost enough to find yourself/ By now, pull in your ladder road behind you/ And put a sign up CLOSED to all but me./Then make yourself at home† (Frost), the drawback is not without a price. After being lost, the person finally finds his destination. Relative to the immigrant workers, the destination is the fulfillment of their American dream. Given this, it may then be concluded that using various symbolic words such as destinations, lost, and home in the poem â€Å"Directive†, Robert Frost was able to present to the public his idea on modern American Dream. He was able to expose to his readers that the modern American dream involves getting lost and finding one’s self again as narrated in his poem.He was also able to pinpoint that this generation’s American dream is no longer limited to the citi zens of the country but also to foreigners who are willing to get lost in order to find themselves finally. Works Cited Bohan, RT. 2008. â€Å"Immigrants and the American Dream†. Liberty in America. 30 April 2009 . Frost, Robert. 2009. â€Å"Directive†. Poets. org. 30 April 2009 < http://www. poets. org/viewmedia. php/prmMID/20521 >. Hollander, John. 2009. â€Å"A Close Look at Robert Frost†.Poets. org. 30 April 2009 < http://www. poets. org/viewmedia. php/prmMID/15894 >. La Botz, Dan. 1992. â€Å"Labor in Mexico†. multinationalmonitor. org. 30 April 2009 < http://multinationalmonitor. org/hyper/issues/1992/11/mm1192_13. html >. Sutton, Bettye. 2008. â€Å"American Cultural History†. Lonestar College Kingwood. 30 April 2009 < http://kclibrary. lonestar. edu/decade30. html >. â€Å"What is the American Dream. † 2002 The Library of Congress. 30 April 2009 < http://lcweb2. loc. gov/learn/lessons/97/dream/thedream. html >.

Decision Analysis in Strategic Management

Decision Analysis in Strategic Management Introduction Organizational management requires rational decision-making processes. Particularly, this is more evident within the present competitive business environment. There are several methodologies applicable in the analysis of business decisions. Indicatively, the decisions play significant roles in the development of an organization (Hodgkinson Starbuck 2008, p. 56).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Decision Analysis in Strategic Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also influence the welfare of all stakeholders. The stakeholders might include the customers and internal employees. The management has the responsibility of making rational decisions. Presently, there is an increase in the participatory models. The highly liberalized society contributes to these notable transformations. There are organizational decisions that may relate to customers and employees. Alternatively, these decisions might appertain to the processes of organizational resource management. These decisions form critical domains in strategic management processes (Shapira 2002, p. 23). This report focuses on the analysis of the consequences of key organizational decisions. In achieving this objective, the report examines three important perspectives. These are applicable in decision-making processes. These include the modern, symbolic-interpretive and the postmodern perspectives. There is an eminent organizational decision relating to the expansion of major business operations. Modernist Analysis There are critical decisions involved in the expansion of organizational processes. An application of modernist principle in the analysis of these decisions is appropriate. Foremost, it is vital to examine the meaning of the modernist principle for decision-making. Notably, the modernist principle embeds in the concept of enlightenment. According to this theoretical argument, progress roots from principle empiric al knowledge (Monahan 2000, p. 23). Apart from this, an approach of rationality process remains appropriate. There are notable subdivisions of the general modernist principle. There is a general systems model. This model postulates that the explanations on empirical or social occurrence may base on systems. Particularly, this relates to the systems governed through regulations and frameworks. Apart from this, there is a socio-technical systems model. Principally, this model applies to the human behavior. Contingency theory is the last explanative model in the modernist concept.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evidently, many managers apply this concept during crisis management situations. The concept stipulates that there is no any best methodology to organize (Bubnicki 2003, p. 34). However, according to this concept, the most applicable methodology depends on th e particular circumstance. The decisions made within organizations are critical. This is because these decisions might affect the cultural, political and technological elements. There might be other significant implications within different fields. An application of the modernist principle in the analysis of these implications is vital. A firm’s decision to expand its operations might have significant implications on the general environment. Specifically, these might include both the internal and the external environments. To begin with, the organization must consider the availability of the appropriate resources. Resources may include financial, human resources and other pertinent enabling factors. The contingency theory may be applicable in evaluating the possibilities of engaging different available resources (Shapira 2002, p. 89). According to this principle, the organization does not need to struggle to generate unavailable resources. Rather, the possible developments mu st occur in relation to the relevant context. This principle assumes the application of planning and rational budgeting. Ideally, the consequences of these assumptions might be detrimental to the organization. For instance, it might lack the required resources to remunerate all its workers. Apart from this, it might also lack the capacity to sustain most of its business or organizational operations. The application of general systems model may depict important revelations. This is because the system relies on the respect for regulations (Shapira 2002, p. 90). According to this theoretical view, it is important to recognize the importance of drafting policies and frameworks. These must dictate organizational operations. Expansion processes might affect the external environments. Indicatively, there is an urge to observe the relevant policies applicable in the business environment. There are several important regulations that countercheck the operations within the business environment . These may relate to tax policies, employment regulations, market operations and other important aspects (Thomas 2012, p. 139). Government and other private agencies participate in the establishment of these policies. Additionally, they also monitor their implementation and compliance.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Decision Analysis in Strategic Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to note that there are regulations that relate to the internal and external operations. Internal operations are pertinent to organizational procedures and practices. On the other hand, the external regulations concern the issues of public policy and governance. It is important to comply with all the relevant external regulations. These frameworks might outline processes and guidelines appropriate for business investment and operations. The compliance helps to avoid future cases of deterrence and hindrances withi n business operations. It also ensures the legality of all business operations. Through observation of legal policies, the basic human entitlements and liberties must have consideration. In this respect, the fundamental liberties of the human resource or personnel within the organizations are valued. There are notable positive influences from this observation. These include positive perform and employee welfare. Strategic management encourages the formulation of transformational policies within organizations. These are important because they guide the operations of the organization. This is toward the effective attainment of collective organizational goals. Therefore, the application of the principle remains appropriate. Business organizations cannot operate within illegal contexts. This is applicable within the general environment and social structure. The legal environment requires maximum application and observation. The general systems theory applies to the observation of all th e internal and external guidelines. However, the comprehensive observation of this principle might also cause negative influences. The business organizations might face notable delimitations in the successful establishment of new ventures. Particularly, this may be due to regulatory restrictions on important factors. These might include restrictions on resource allocation, extent of business operations and employee engagement (Monahan 2000, p. 73). Business organizations depict tendencies to avoid adherence to stringent regulations. Therefore, the consequences of observation of these policies bear both negative and constructive influences. The socio-technical systems explanative model is applicable in the analysis of this decision. The explanative model stipulates the significance of observing human behavior.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An adequate comprehension of human behavior is important in developing rational decisions. This is because the consequences of these decisions mostly affect human beings. For instance, the employees are internal stakeholders that are likely to gain or suffer from the consequences (Bubnicki 2003, p. 60). Other external stakeholders must also realize full engagement in these decision processes. Observably, no business organizations can operate without regarding the requirements of all its stakeholders. This concept is applicable both to the internal and external stakeholders. The organization must consider the engagement of the behavior and feelings of stakeholders. Principally, this applies to the establishment and development of new operations. This process is important in several ways. The process enables the successful assessment of the competency of the workers to dedicate their strengths and capacities. This is appropriate for the operation and success of the new business ventur e. Human beings form critical components of the environment. This applies both to the social and business conditions. Therefore, there is relative significance in the comprehension and analysis of their behavior. The basic principle is that human behaviors have significant influences on the success of basic organizational decisions (Shapira 2002, p. 97). Therefore, the principle remains appropriate in the analysis of the consequences of these decisions. The modernist explanative model is important for the analysis of the consequences of the decisions to expand business organizations. The expansion processes within business organizations involve the integration of diverse cultures. Evidently, multicultural factors have significant influences in the success of business operations. In order to succeed, the application of socio-technical systems theory remains appropriate. Analytically, this process relates to the understanding and manipulation of basic cultural factors. This is because they have considerable influences on the organizational operations. Positive organizational culture is pertinent to the success of most organizations. The theory reiterates the importance of engaging human behavior. Its application also results into the development of a positive workforce. The workforce depicts the competency to operate effectively within multicultural environments. Harmonizing multicultural disparities remain as a critical tool for success. However, this initiative requires adequate time and consideration. This observation enables the business organization to develop a positive workforce. Human behavior has an important contribution in the development of positive work culture (Monahan 2000, p. 101). Therefore, the socio-technical systems may be best applicable in the analysis. It is noteworthy to indicate the wide diversities of components within the general environment. It encompasses a great deal of factors that have the capacity to influence basic organizationa l processes. The contingency model is most appropriate within emergencies. It is appropriate for crisis management. The expected consequences may not be positive or compliant with organizational best practices and policies. This is because the critical decisions occur haphazardly. There is an eminent lack of consultation. Consequently, the important stakeholders are not involved in major decisions. Therefore, an element of partiality and assumption of important factors might emanate. This is usually observable at the end of the implementation process. For instance, the organization might discover that it lacks the adequate personnel or finances to steer its new ventures. This is more likely to cause failures and disagreements within the relevant teams. Therefore, there are only two theories of the modernist approach that may be applicable in the analysis of this situation (Bubnicki 2003, p. 84). These include the general systems and the socio-technical theories. Their application re sults into positive results. The consideration of human behavior and legal frameworks is important in any decision process. This includes the decision-making processes that might have remarkable impacts on the external or internal environments. However, the applicability of contingency model in decision processes that occur in emergencies remains important. This is because the management within any organization is already prepared to handle the negative consequences. Generally, the modernist concept reiterates the significance of rationality (Thomas 2012, p. 139). The subjective indulgence of this principle in management and decision making processes have both beneficial and negative consequences. It is upon the decision makers to adopt the most appropriate system in decision approaches. This observation defines the basic principle of strategic management. Organizations must have the adequate preparations to deal with the consequences of their decisions. Symbolic-interpretive Critiq ue The modernist perspective is not the sole approach to decision making. The process has observable limitations within diverse contexts. These shortcomings are avoidable through the application of other theoretical models (Green Li 2011, p. 1665). A symbolic interpretive perspective provides a typical alternative. The modernist explanative model relies singularly on the idea of empiricism. This involves the application of logical scientific processes in the evaluation of human factors. The factors might include a variety of elements such as intrinsic and extrinsic behaviors. Analytically, there are potential doubts concerning this approach. Foremost, individuals lack the audacity to analyze and interpret the cultures and behavior through their personal cultural lens. An organization’s decision to expand might stir different reactions amongst employees (Jacobs 2012, p. 4). However, the management lacks the capacity to empirically investigate and analyze these feelings. In th is context, it is obvious that the application of the modernist systems is vain. The basic reason for the interpretation of other people’s views might be misconstruing. The system might cause subjective ruling and dictatorship on individuals. Therefore, in many situations, decisions based on the modernist system have the potential of causing irrational consequences (Powell 2004, p. 45). Concerning the expansion decision of the organization, the symbolic –interpretive perspective is best applicable. Particularly, this regards to the analysis of potential consequences of general organizational decisions. This is because there are factors that exist in solitary form within the general environment. Ideally, there is no any solitary right idea. This is because notable factors within the environment are a makeup of the social interactions of individual characteristics and behavior. The modernist principle forces individuals and organizations to have positive convictions on o ne particular element or process. Although it might illuminate an element of freedom, the fundamental expressive human liberties remain narrowed. This is not appropriate for effective development and performance of organizations. An analysis of the renowned social construction theory indicates potential negative implications of the modernist approach to decision-making processes (Jacobs 2012, p. 15). There are notable social realities and influences within the general environment. This might also be applicable within the business situations. The interrelation of these factors leads to the development of common social patterns within the environment. Individual behaviors influence the general societal practices and beliefs. The modernist principle may be applicable in imposing individually derived decisions and principles on others. However, there are other viable alternatives. These include the use of multiple interpretations. The organization must endeavour to comprehend how the pa rticular natives influence their domains (Powell 2004, p. 78). This applies to all organizational members. This means that the management must focus on providing opportunities for members to elucidate their views on important decisions. In particular, the views must appertain to the indicated decision of increasing or expanding the organization’s operational base. The institutional theories reiterate the importance of considering a positive approach towards successful individual sociological understanding. Generally, the organizations’ decision to expand its processes and operations must base on realities. In this context, the application of symbols is preferable (Jacobs 2012, p. 24). This is relative to the use of the modernist approach in decision-making processes. Through the observation of symbols, the stakeholders affected by the organization’s decision to expand may learn several lessons. For instance, they might have the capacity to assess the expected be nefits or disadvantages associated. Particularly, this relates to the impacts allied to the decision-making and change processes within their organizations. It is important for the general humanity to gain an adequate comprehension of how social processes are appropriate (Green Li 2011, p. 1696). Especially, this applies to the derivation of basic meanings and implications on processes. Therefore, the symbolic-interpretive perspective remains more appropriate for rational decision processes within organizations. Postmodern Critique A Postmodern perspective might be applicable in the analysis of an organization’s decision to expand. Evidently, this approach heavily relies on the concept of philosophical comprehension. According to the perspective, a mere simplification process is not appropriate for any decision process (Feldman 2000, p. 45). It is important to put philosophical inquests in the analysis of the general social or cultural factors. This is appropriate for some o f the factors that have the capacity to influence the decision process. Certain environmental factors might cause significant influences on decision processes. These include both the internal and outdoor environmental factors. These conditions range from the business, regulatory, human and cultural influences. As indicated in the postmodern perspective, organizations must not worry about environmental situations. This is because of many important reasons. For instance, the philosophical fundamentals within the model indicate that the fixed external realities never exist. Instead, most of the perceived factors remain as images or reflections that dictate the manner of performing particular duties. The general implication is that business organizations must not focus on less intricate external factors that influence their operations. Instead, much concern is required for the more tangible and eminent internal organizational influences or factors (Scherer Palazzo 2011, p. 920). This i s because they depict momentous manipulations on the overall business processes. The sociological observations on issues relating to cultures and individual behavior are all in vain. This is because they are less likely to influence the outcomes of most critical decisions. The social construction is more disjointed. In addition, it holds limited value and influence on organizational processes. Therefore, the decisions to expand operations are more likely to enable the organization to succeed and attain more transformative results. However, the theory denotes the importance of observing internal tangible factors. This is applicable within all the decision-making mechanisms. The notable external factors have negligible influences on the organization’s decision to perform (Levy 2010, p.380). Consequently, the belief on empirical knowledge as indicated within the modernist principle does not apply. The postmodern perspective provides for a unique perception on the concept of know ledge. The application of knowledge might not be helpful in the decision making process. Additionally, this might also relate to the analysis of the outcomes of these decisions within organizations. The concept is applicable to both the business and non-profit organizations within different environmental conditions. The application of knowledge in these processes may lead to diverse negative implications. For example, it causes the creation and development of interest groups. These are likely to lead organizations to stray conditions. Apart from this, it may also cause the neglect of other categories of personalities. This causes disparities and hinders collective achievement of organizational goals (Levy 2010, p.386). Decisions that depend on the premise of knowledge and empiricism cause partial marginalization of certain groups of personalities. Knowledge must not bear an element of exclusion of particular groups. Rather, it must involve a collective inclusion. This concept exists in the definition of knowledge itself. Knowledge is a process that entails the domestic agreement about certain identifiable realties within the general community. Therefore, this explanation process reiterates the significance of collective participation and consultation in decision-making initiatives. This is because knowledge is a communally owned and shared concept. Power must derive from meanings and general familiarity. Therefore, it is impossible to underestimate the significance of individual or group experiences in the development of rational decisions (Scherer Palazzo 2011, p. 929). The concept emphasizes on the need to base decision initiatives on learning processes. This is because of the importance of familiarity and experience on knowledge. The role of cultures and discursive processes in enhancing familiarity during decision processes remain critical. Indeed, the postmodern perspective provides a typical and practical application in the analysis of the outcomes of a decision. Conclusion Decision-making is a critical initiative in strategic managment. Presently, organizations recognize the need to adopt transformative decision processes. This explains the need to evaluate the different theories applicable in decision-making. The report examines critical elements within three basic theoretical models. These include the modernist, postmodern and symbolic-interpretive theoretical models. All of these explanative models have significant influences on organizational decisions. Generally, environmental factors have remarkable influences on the expansion of business operations. These influences require analysis using the various theoretical models. List of References Bubnicki, Z 2003, Analysis and decision making in uncertain systems, Springer, London. Feldman, M 2000, American legal thought from premodernism to postmodernism: an intellectual voyage, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, NY. Green E Li, Y 2011, Rhetorical Institutionalism: Language, Agency, and Structure in Institutional Theory since Alvesson 1993, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 48, no. 7, pp.1662–1697. Hodgkinson, P Starbuck, H 2008, The Oxford handbook of organizational decision making, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Jacobs, K 2012, Making Sense of Social Practice: Theoretical Pluralism in Public Sector Accounting Research, Financial Accountability Management, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1–25. Levy, Y 2010, The Essence of the â€Å"Market Army,† Public Administration Review, vol. 70 no. 3, pp. 378–389. Monahan, E 2000, Management decision making: spreadsheet modeling, analysis, and application, Cambridge Univ. Pr., Cambridge. Powell, A 2004, A rhetoric of symbolic identity: an analysis of Spike Lees X and Bamboozled, U.P. of America, Dallas. Scherer, G Palazzo, G 2011, The New Political Role of Business in a Globalized World: A Review of a New Perspective on CSR and its Implications for the Firm, Governance, and Democracy, Journal of Man agement Studies, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 899–931. Shapira, B 2002, Organizational decision making, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Thomas, L 2012, Public Policy and Mass Media: The Interplay of Mass Communication and Political Decision Making – Edited by Sigrid Koch-Baumgarten and Katrin Voltmer, Political Studies Review, vol. 10, no. 1, pp.139.

Shui Fabrics Essay Example

Shui Fabrics Essay Example Shui Fabrics Essay Shui Fabrics Essay This  case is about  the implementation of an  employee involved and empowered organization  at  Elektra ProductsInc. The top management recommended  to implement such as to permit managers to follow a product from design to sales to customer; allow sales employees to get an on the spot refund of $500 worth of merchandise; make information available to sales people about future products and swap sales and manufacturing employees  for short periods to let them get to know one another’s job.Read also   ANALYSIS OF OUR SECRET BY SUSAN GRIFFINOn the other hand the  majority of the company employees upon hearing of the plan have shown disinterest and scepticism  to the idea,  due to would like to implement as per the Director of the Human Resources Department the idea for personal change would everyone’s low morale, loss of trust towards the company and  lack of communication. The  employees are not open to embrace the change that the company destr oy the carefully crafted job categories that had just been completed.The finance department argued that allowing sales people to make $500 refunds would create a goldmine for unethical customers and sales people and the legal department warned that providing such information to sales people can result to industrial spying. All these were mentioned by the employees after the CEO Martin Griffin left to attend a meeting for a particular client.Barbara Russell the vice president of the manufacturing department and part of the problem solving team is left with the idea whether to keep her mouth shut; take a chance and confront Martin to push slowly for the reform and work for gradual support from other teams; or look for another job and leave the company she really cares about. II. Objectives The  objectives of the  problem are to  provide a successful  action plan  towards  the  involvement and empowerment of the company employees and to establish a harmonious relationship   with all the employees and top management. Case Study:  Shui FabricsI. Statement of the Problem: Rocky  River Industries is thinking of cancelling tit’s joint venture with Shanghai Fabric Ltd. , due to  itsinefficient 5% ROI for the past three years,  Rocky  River Industries  is expecting Shui Fabrics to 20% ROI. Shui Fabrics  was said to be inefficient due to its unsophisticated technology and  Rocky  River  would like to reduce workforce  by incorporating more sophisticated machinery  to increase ROI to 20%. II. Objectives The  objective of the problem is to determine possible solution to keep the joint venture of Rocky River andShanghai Fabric. IV.Framework of Analysis/Evaluation of Alternative Actions: Strengths  (Internal to the organization) Shanghai Fabric  contribution to the local economy Helps decrease unemployment rate in China Weaknesses  (Internal to the organization) Company generates just the right level of profit, and had been consistently at 5% ROI Opportunities  (External to the organization) Competitors are using more sophisticated technology that doesn’t require more workforces Threats  (External to the organization) Importation of products and services from America to China can also be localized Current US tariffs and quotas could change at any timeStrengths-Opportunities Upgrading or incorporating more sophisticated machinery will increase efficiency and productivity, it will also help  Shanghai Fabric  compete with local and international competitors and more business joint ventures with other organization. Thus implementing this will help in increasing the employment rate and avoid workforce lay-off. Strengths-Threats By strengthening  Shanghai Fabric  it will help their company grow and not need a 50-50 joint venturethat  will give them 100% profit. Weaknesses-Opportunities Updating their machineries will increase the company’s return

The History of Cellular Phones

The History of Cellular Phones In 1947, researchers looked at crude mobile (car) phones and realized that by using small cells (a range of service area) and found that with frequency reuse they could increase the traffic capacity of mobile phones substantially. However, the technology to do so at the time was nonexistent. Regulation Then there’s the issue of regulation. A cell phone is a type of two-way radio and anything to do with broadcasting and sending a radio or television message out over the airwaves is under the authority of Federal Communications Commission  (FCC) regulation. In 1947, ATT proposed that the FCC allocate a large number of radio-spectrum frequencies so that widespread mobile telephone service would become feasible, which would also give ATT an incentive to research the new technology. The agency’s response? The FCC decided to limit the number of frequencies available in 1947. The limits made only twenty-three phone conversations possible simultaneously in the same service area and gone was the market incentive for research. In a way, we can partially blame the FCC for the gap between the initial concept of cellular service and its availability to the public. It wasn’t until 1968 that the FCC reconsidered its position, stating that if the technology to build a better mobile service works, we will increase the frequencies allocation, freeing the airwaves for more mobile phones. With that, ATT and Bell Labs proposed a cellular system to the FCC of many small, low-powered, broadcast towers, each covering a â€Å"cell† a few miles in radius and collectively covering a larger area. Each tower would use only a few of the total frequencies allocated to the system. And as the phones traveled across the area, calls would be passed from tower to tower. Dr. Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, is considered the inventor of the first modern portable handset. In fact,  Cooper made the first call on a portable cell phone in April 1973 to his rival, Joel Engel, who served as Bell Labs head of research. The phone was a prototype called the DynaTAC and weighed 28 ounces. Bell Laboratories had introduced the idea of cellular communications in 1947 with the police car technology, but it was Motorola that first incorporated the technology into a portable device designed for use outside of automobiles. By 1977, ATT and Bell Labs had constructed a prototype cellular system. A year later, public trials of the new system were held in Chicago with over 2,000 customers. In 1979, in a separate venture, the first commercial cellular telephone system began operation in Tokyo. In 1981, Motorola and American Radio telephone started a second U.S. cellular radiotelephone system test in the Washington/Baltimore area. And by 1982, the slow-moving FCC finally authorized commercial cellular service for the USA. So despite the incredible demand, it took cellular phone service many years to become commercially available in the United States. Consumer demand would soon outstrip the 1982 system standards and by 1987, cellular telephone subscribers exceeded one million with the airways becoming more and more crowded. There are basically three ways of improving services. Regulators can increase frequencies allocation, existing cells can be split and the technology can be improved. The FCC did not want to hand out any more bandwidth and building or splitting cells would have been expensive as well as add bulk to the network. So to stimulate the growth of new technology, the FCC declared in 1987 that cellular licensees could employ alternative cellular technologies in the 800 MHz band. With that, the cellular industry began to research new transmission technology as an alternative.

Schools Competency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Schools Competency - Essay Example It is a pervasive perception that test scores do indeed stand to be the viable indicators as to the quality of education and teaching in a school. However, in a pragmatic context, evaluating the competency of a school merely on the bases of test scores is not only a narrow approach towards gauging the quality of education in a school, but is also a belief that happens to be utterly counterproductive. Â  Tests tend to predict the academic performance of the students in a school under a standardized test environment and format. The thing that needs to be understood is that performing in a test happens to be a skill in itself and not all students happen to be good at evincing the right responses in a test, irrespective of the fact that many of them actually happen to be conversant with the academic discipline on which they are being evaluated (Corwin & Schneider, 2005). Tests are mostly conducted in an environment that happens to be loaded with stress and tension, and it is practical t o expect that not all students may be able to cope up with such a format. Hence test scores actually depict as to how good a school is at preparing its students to perform in a test, rather than reflecting on a school’s ability to impart knowledge. Â  The other thing is that tests tend to ascertain mainly the academic provenance of the students in a school and that too in a very narrow context. Tests do happen to ignore the varied salient aspects of education like imagination, creativity, proficiency in social skills, leadership ability.

Health teaching section Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health teaching section - Essay Example Health Belief Model, which reliably detects the health behaviors of individuals, may assist in overcoming this issue by guiding our efforts towards the most appropriate educational measures to modify the health behavior of teenagers in this regard (Hodges & Videto, 2011). On the basis of this model, a teenager can be expected to take health-related measures if; Planning will be specifically directed towards the above mentioned issue and will aim to achieve measureable actions that are achievable, realistic and taken in a timely manner (SMART) (ONeill, 2006). Smart is being used to elaborate on the planning need for a teenage pregnancy. The teaching plan will span over a period of 4 weeks. Every teaching session will start by determining the prior knowledge status of students before delivery of new information. This will include a short assessment (pre-assessment) of students about the key aspects of the upcoming lesson using a questionnaire containing Multiple Choice Questions. The outcome of this assessment will serve the purpose of gaining an insight into the baseline knowledge of students. The teaching session will start after this assessment. The duration of instruction will span over a period of 20 minutes. The teacher will make sure that the classrooms are well-equipped for teaching. This will include the provision of a multimedia video projector, computer, appropriate lighting in the classroom, classroom furniture and the required stationary. After completion of instructions, an open discussion session will be conducted under teacher’s supervision. The discussion will aim to answer and highlight the issues pertaining to the material taught earlier. The teacher will make sure that every student of the class participates in the discussion. After completion of discussion, a post-instruction assessment will be carried out to get an idea about the learning achieved by

Have Information Systems Affected Competition Essay

Have Information Systems Affected Competition - Essay Example Helped by constant development and changes, information systems currently control the key operations in the business world from production, sales, processing and even marketing. However, it is important that any business intending to employ the use of this technology understand its implications in full, especially, its influence to output and resultant profits. When the issues are fully understood, organizations require tools to necessitate the implementation of the information systems technology. This should be in a manner that will enable them increase their strategy in competition within their market (Bogetoft & Olesen, 2000).   One way in which many organizations have viewed information systems over the years is through a pyramid that would show a certain hierarchy that is observed in the organizations. At the bottom are the systems involving transaction processing, systems used to manage information systems follows closely, above this are systems that support decision making a nd the highest ranked are the systems that are used to save executive information. This was the most rudimentary organization, yet the level of organization it brought to a company enabled it to grow and prosper than its competitors. In the recent contexts, there have been new technologies that have changed the basic framework to encompass the changes in the contemporary business environment. Some of the new improvements are enterprise systems, global information system (GIS), and enterprise planning using resource departments, data warehouses, global information systems (GIS) and the automation of offices (Neumann, 1994).   It is obvious that information systems have influenced the competition by companies over the past few years; this is seen from the fact that most managers have been forces to integrate the use of software technology in their offices, production and daily running of activities. This revolution has made the finance departments to be forced to locate funds to pur chase hardware used in managing information systems, training of these system’s personnel and encouraging capacity building through funding trainings and workshops. Some of the competitive advantages gained from the use of information systems are reduction in costs that are incurred when obtaining, transmitting and saving information within a firm and between different business groups (Armoni, 2000).   Information systems fall under the group of competitive systems. This is because it involves many services all of which have a contribution to how and when decisions will be made. In addition, information systems have the competitive advantage of enabling users to collect data from the primary resource center, and then analyze it on the spot using well defined pre-set programs. The systems of information will enable users to plan ahead of their competitors and know their intentions beforehand (Rainer & Cegielski, 2011).   In addition, fieldwork analysis will help the manage rs to know the changes that occur in the market, changes in customer requirements, how the structure of the industry has changed in such issues as social, physical, and the physical forces; this would be with the use of internet searches on the news sites. Furthermore, the continuous changes in technology within and outside the company’

Connection Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Connection Project - Research Paper Example Most significantly, they identified statistical measures such as the standard deviation, coefficient and correlation (Nelson, 2000). The importance of information gathering and analysis in the 21st Century is a constant requirement for individuals, institutions and governments. Present day society is faced with endless and varied uncertainties concerning the future. The availability of-and access to accurately-synthesized information, therefore, helps in making informed predictions about the future, in planning and provides a basis for assessing performance over a forecasted period. The application of statistics has been embraced globally (most importantly) due its ability to fit into all fields of human interest. This has turned statistics into an inter-disciplinary subject (Pangano, 2008). Discussion The applicability of statistics is derived from the core process of data mining. The process of acquiring raw data is the first step towards making relevant statistical inferences and applications designed to assist in solving real world problems faced by both individuals and organizations. The extent to which applications can be made is only limited by the researcher’s definition of the problem statement and the methodology employed for data mining. This means that the statistical inference is legitimized by the problem being investigated and the set procedures for collecting and analyzing information concerning the problem (McPherson, 2011). Essentially, one can perhaps rightly argue that the choice of policy, strategy or decision undertaken was decided upon by the intrinsic nature of the problem thereby challenging the traditional view of managerial competency as the primary factor in decision making. Statistics becomes exceedingly essential in qualitative thinking. It identifies the type of problem facing individuals or institutions, defines the problem, assesses it and relates it to the final set of alternative courses of actions available in remedy t o the problem (Nelson, 2000). It provides a logical approach to problem solving thereby enriching the ability of individuals and organizations alike to make near accurate forecasts for the future now. Statistics becomes a tool for identifying and successfully effecting change within organizations by minimizing the variations between expected and actual results. With regard to applications by individuals, statistics can be used in enriching financing decisions. An investor wishing to invest his savings will rely heavily on quantitative statistics to identify investment alternatives that provide satisfactory returns to his investment at minimal risk exposures (McPherson, 2011). Quantitative statistics, therefore, assists in creating a benchmark portfolio for investment by identifying the set of securities that the investor will hold. The performance of the securities and the portfolio managers can be accurately assessed at different points in time to make relevant adjustments. Statist ics can be used by graduates in deciding as between employers and versus self employment. The career path of an individual within an organization can be assessed using industry aggregates on salary packages, determining future growth and development opportunities within the firm (promotions and training) and in formulating personal targets. It is a normal practice for firms to be ranked at both industry level and

CAUSES of young adults low self esteem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CAUSES of young adults low self esteem - Essay Example There are a number of factors, which affect the self-esteem of a person positively or negatively. Development of high or low self-esteem of a person starts in a very young age. The age of 15 to 25 years is generally known as the age of young adults and this age is the most progressive age of any person. The people having high self-esteem face the challenges of life confidently whereas the people with a low level of self-esteem are not able to progress in life in an appropriate manner. Low self-esteem can lead the way towards various problems such as depression, hopelessness, despair, and antisocial behaviors. Amaechi (2007) asserts, â€Å"Low Self Esteem will make you act indifferently, negatively to the various events that occur in your life†. Some of the factors, which cause low self-esteem in a young adult, include parents’ expectations, social status, parents’ care, decision-making power, unemployment, disability, and educational performance. Let us discuss t hese factors in some detail in order to know how these factors influence the self-esteem of young adults. Parent’s Expectations Parents usually expect a lot from their young children. The level of self-esteem of young adults goes down when they do not live up to the expectation of their parents. The sense of failure and the fear of criticism of the society play a major role in causing low self-esteem in young adults. ... Those children, who do not get required care from their parents due to their busy routines, feel neglected which causes low self-esteem in those children. Decision-Making Power A person having fewer choices to take an appropriate decision is not able to calculate the accurate outcomes the decision that he intends to take. Such people hesitate to take risks related to different matters of life. The lack of choices to make a decision also causes low self-esteem in young adults which also affects their decision making power. Unemployment Unemployment is another factor that causes low self-esteem in young adults. Some adults do not find any sort of employment whereas some adults do not find opportunities to move to some better companies in order to get good jobs. Both of these factors work as the reasons for bringing down the level of self-esteem of a person. Young adults are generally very progressive by nature. They want to excel in their professional lives as soon as they graduate, bu t when they do not find any chance to progress in their professional careers, they feel highly dejected which causes their level of self-esteem go down. Disability and Appearance Physical or mental disabilities also cause low self-esteem in young adults. A person who is physically disable feels inferior and depressed. Even a person with bad looks or unattractive physical appearance feels unable to mark success in his life. A disable person also isolates himself from active social life due to the fear of ignorance and off-putting comments of other people. Educational Performance Poor educational performance is also one of the major causes of low self-esteem of young adults. The adults who show

Connection Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Connection Project - Research Paper Example Most significantly, they identified statistical measures such as the standard deviation, coefficient and correlation (Nelson, 2000). The importance of information gathering and analysis in the 21st Century is a constant requirement for individuals, institutions and governments. Present day society is faced with endless and varied uncertainties concerning the future. The availability of-and access to accurately-synthesized information, therefore, helps in making informed predictions about the future, in planning and provides a basis for assessing performance over a forecasted period. The application of statistics has been embraced globally (most importantly) due its ability to fit into all fields of human interest. This has turned statistics into an inter-disciplinary subject (Pangano, 2008). Discussion The applicability of statistics is derived from the core process of data mining. The process of acquiring raw data is the first step towards making relevant statistical inferences and applications designed to assist in solving real world problems faced by both individuals and organizations. The extent to which applications can be made is only limited by the researcher’s definition of the problem statement and the methodology employed for data mining. This means that the statistical inference is legitimized by the problem being investigated and the set procedures for collecting and analyzing information concerning the problem (McPherson, 2011). Essentially, one can perhaps rightly argue that the choice of policy, strategy or decision undertaken was decided upon by the intrinsic nature of the problem thereby challenging the traditional view of managerial competency as the primary factor in decision making. Statistics becomes exceedingly essential in qualitative thinking. It identifies the type of problem facing individuals or institutions, defines the problem, assesses it and relates it to the final set of alternative courses of actions available in remedy t o the problem (Nelson, 2000). It provides a logical approach to problem solving thereby enriching the ability of individuals and organizations alike to make near accurate forecasts for the future now. Statistics becomes a tool for identifying and successfully effecting change within organizations by minimizing the variations between expected and actual results. With regard to applications by individuals, statistics can be used in enriching financing decisions. An investor wishing to invest his savings will rely heavily on quantitative statistics to identify investment alternatives that provide satisfactory returns to his investment at minimal risk exposures (McPherson, 2011). Quantitative statistics, therefore, assists in creating a benchmark portfolio for investment by identifying the set of securities that the investor will hold. The performance of the securities and the portfolio managers can be accurately assessed at different points in time to make relevant adjustments. Statist ics can be used by graduates in deciding as between employers and versus self employment. The career path of an individual within an organization can be assessed using industry aggregates on salary packages, determining future growth and development opportunities within the firm (promotions and training) and in formulating personal targets. It is a normal practice for firms to be ranked at both industry level and

Sources of Resource Risks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sources of Resource Risks - Assignment Example People as a source of risk may be defined as the risk of not meeting project requirements due to improper human resource management, motivational issues and fraud. It involves the project management having concerns about the availability of enough people to complete the project, availability from the staff of the necessary skills and experience and the belief in the project success by the staff.Some of the underlying concerns related to people as a source of risk include conflict among staff members and lack of or scarcity of certain required skill from the staff and the lack of essential collaboration due to unforeseen events such as job change by project-critical personnel, or lack of project-critical expertise.However, in order to avoid resource risks related to human resource, there is the need for proper planning and credible scheduling of the work well in advance. A histogram analysis of resource requirements will also prove to be of importance in identifying possible staffing. Outsourcing or supplier risks result from the use of people and services outside the project team. It accounts for more than a quarter of the resource risks. It includes delays such as when a supplier fails to complete an outsourced task on schedule.Some common resource assumptions which might eventually result to risks includes assuming that the supplier will provide correct materials when needed, assuming that resources will not be overburdened and that the sole-source resource will be available when needed.

Dependency Theory and Colonial Heritage Essay Example for Free

Dependency Theory and Colonial Heritage Essay Many have tried to draw upon the legacy of the colonial system to explain the reasons for underdevelopment in many areas of the world. Most areas that suffer from poverty today are former colonies the developed nations, for the most part, are former metropoles. The colonizers exploited their underlings in colonies, turning them into suppliers of cheap raw materials and restricting the infrastructure construction, leaving former colonies with only basic facilities. In many cases, when the colonizers departed, the nations were left with artificial boundaries that separated them from each other without regard for their historical development. This fuelled subsequent separatism and military conflicts, hampering economic progress. Thus, if one looks at straight-line boundaries in Africa which we are now learning in DS 202, it becomes obvious that those were artificially created. The colonizers, in particular the British Empire, were suppressing the industrial development in their colonies because they viewed them as sources of cheap imports and at the same time large markets for their industrial goods. An example of north-eastern Brazil that often surfaces in literature on underdevelopment, (Taylor 2001) claims that north eastern Brazil in the 19th century would have appeared to be an ideal place for a textile industry with its high quality cotton and existing demand for sugar bags cloth and slave clothing. However, to develop the textile industry, it would take years during which the industry should have been shielded from foreign competition with import tariffs and quotas. This was surely not something Britain would allow in its colony. As a result, the fledgling Brazilian textile enterprises proved unable to withstand the competition with Britains textile industry. Britain, like almost any metropole, was interested in selling to the colony, not developing industry inside it. As of 1822, when Brazil received independence, it was a larger export market for Britain than all the rest of Latin America combined (Taylor, 2001). Naturally, even as Brazil proclaimed independence, Britain did not want to lose this lucrative market and demanded a trade treaty with Britain which prohibited import substitution tariffs (Taylor, 2001). Brazil was forced into this treaty by its political weakness. In this way, former metropolitan powers keep control of their former colonies to varying extents, blocking their effective development. In newly independent nations of Latin America, for instance, the warfare that  often preceded proclamation of independence devastated regional and national economies (Kinsbruner 1994 pg 126). Although this perspective is not universally recognised, the IMF and the World Bank for imposing policies said to aggravate third world countries. The stated goals of both institutions are certainly to spearhead economic growth in nations they service with their financial programs. Critics , however , point out that loans from the World Bank and the IMF often come with conditions that block the road to sustainable development and make poverty even worse . The Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) imposed by the IMF as a prerequisite for qualifying for its loans often aggravate the deplorable condition of the third world nation. Thus, SAPs often call for reduction in government expenditures for health, education and other government services for the sake of debt repayment. In this way, third world nations are dragged into the quagmire of debt repayment, as their interest provides income for Wall Street banks and other financial institutions. IMF policies urge third world countries to increase their exports of raw materials and agricultural products in to cope with debt an immediate concern. This, however, reduces the amount of food available to the poor inside the country and can lead to starvation second, does not create conditions for building processing industries that will increase value added inside the country. Besides, the IMF often demands for liberal market reforms that involve privatisation that, without proper preparation a nd evaluation of potential consequences, can lead to loss of jobs, aggravation of the social situation and civil unrest. Such measures lead to social discontent that can hamper the development of economies in developing countries. With respect to harmful policies imposed by the fund, Amin notes that the key to development is subordination of outside relations to the logic of internal development and not the reverse as it is happening when development policies are imposed by outside financial institutions (Amin, 1995 pg 10). The harmful role of the World Bank and the IMF in the development of poor nations is by no means indisputable. However, there are many criticisms aimed at the policies that accompany loans and the very idea of reaping interest income off the populations of the nations where starvation is a widely spread phenomenon. Political Aspects. Many regions of the world that demonstrate marked third world are characterised by overt concentration of power in the hands of a rich minority that uses this power to oppress the majority. For example, the North-eastern areas of Brazil that rely on sugar production as the primary source of income are seriously underdeveloped as compared to the rest of the nation. The property patterns in this region are the history of the dominant class manipulating social, political, and economic institutions so as to expropriate the maximum possible surplus from the rural workers (Taylor, 1978 pg 57). The economic interests of the land-owning class lay in extracting as much as possible from their plantations and workers as opposed to investing in the area. The result is miserable since an area that specialises in agricultural production cannot even feed its own citizens and has to import most of its agricultural produce from the rest of the nation. With a stagnant economic situation, the north-eastern Brazil has suffered from health education, and literacy standards that ended in a peasant revolt in the 1960s (Taylor, 1978 pg 157) Regional Inequalities. Many travellers to nations lik e China, India or the Caribbean are immediately impressed by the contrast between squalor of provincial areas and the apparent luxury of large cities and some ‘advanced’ areas. Regional inequalities contribute to underdevelopment, creating a situation when some areas are on their way toward modernisation, while others are forced into the backseat of social and economic progress. The importance of regional inequalities as source of underdevelopment is explored, for instance, in Andre Gunder Frank s 1989 publication The Development of Underdevelopment (Frank 1989) challenges the view that third world nations are still going through the stages that more developed countries are done with. Instead, he asserts that problems of underdeveloped areas are the inevitable result of the capitalist system. The same, in his mind, is true of the regional disparities observed in the third world countries where the capital and larger cities often stand out as oases of advancement among the generally gloomy landscape around. The underdevelopment phenomena in the province are the products of the historical development of the capitalist system no less than are the seemingly mor e modern or capitalist features of the national metropoles of the third world countries Frank (1989, pg 37). Education and Training. A well-trained and educated workforce is the necessary precondition for successful economic development. The presence of a large educated population contributes to Indias current rise as an outsourcing destination, although  it has so far failed to ensure overall prosperity in this nation. This problem, for instance, is addressed in Canadian programs targeting development of Aboriginal areas. The Indian entrepreneurship has to be supported with knowledgeable workforce that will attract capital flows to the areas. Although the fact that Native Americans missed the industrial revolution has its upside, as there is no need for re-training, integration of these people into the complex web of the global economy is a serious challenge (Kendall , 2001). Similar problems are experienced by many third world countries only in their case unlike the situation of Aboriginal populations in Canada, there is no strong nation to back them up in the efforts to increase their education. Cultural Factors. Culture, to some degree, can also adversely impact development or contribute to it. The modern world is patterned to a great extent after the Western cultures of the nations that have a dominant role in this world. Those that do not fit into these patterns will not achieve success as their development would ideally proceed along different lines. An example can be the case of Africa and Native Americans in Canada. Although living in a highly developed and prosperous nation, Native Americans, South Africa and even Zimbabwe, the Aboriginals fail to attain economic well-being. One reason that precludes their success is supposed to be their culture that envisages collective ownership and sharing of resources, as opposed to the idea of individual private rights that characterizes Western culture Kendall, (2001 pg 43). Industrial technology best develops in conditions that favour private ownership however, for these countries, it often means they have to abandon their cultural values which in most cases is not the case. CONCLUSION The difficulties of modernising and developing third world countries are multiple. More often than not different factors of third world countries will be present in areas affected by this problem, intertwined and perpetuating each other. Thus, the political situation marked by elite domination perpetuates economic inequalities that in their turn cause inadequacy of educational facilities and ensuing lack of local qualified specialists. Lack of medical services can lead to absence of effective family planning measures that in their turn lead to overpopulation and then to poverty as the national GDP struggles to catch up with economic growth.  Therefore, addressing a set of problems rather than separate issues is the cornerstone for building an effective development program.

Substance Abuse of Pyrethroid

Substance Abuse of Pyrethroid Case Report Kimmyben Patel , Ankitkumar B. Patel, Pokhraj P. Suthar, Kewal Arunkumar Mistry [S.B.K.S. Medical Institute and Research Centre, Waghodiya,Vadodara. ; S.S.G. Hospital , Medical College , Vadodara ; Third Year Resident Doctor,Department of Radiology , S.S.G. Hospital , Medical College , Vadodara . ; Department of Radiology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Government medical College, Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India ]   An Uncommon Substance of Abuse: Pyrethroid Abstract: Pyrethroid, an insecticide is an uncommon substance of abuse in Asian countries. Cholinergic and symphathetic symptoms along with psychiatric symptoms in such rare substance of abuse have not yet been described. A 39-year-old Asian male with past psychiatric history of methamphetamine dependence and bipolar disorder type 1, came to the emergency department because of suicidal ideation with a plan to slash his throat. The patient was very agitated during initial assessment. In the emergency room (ER), the patient reported that he had been using methamphetamine for the last four years. His last use was six hours before coming to the ER and that was his only use during the past six to eight weeks. His affect was flat and irritable. His urinary drug screen was positive for amphetamines, methamphetamines, and cannabinoids. The patient reported that it would give him the same high as methamphetamine and he would occasionally have feelings of dà ©jà   vu. The patient also reported having olfactory hallucinations while using it. The patient had been using the insecticide for six to eight weeks and only used methamphetamine one (1) day before coming to the ER. The patient had suicidal ideations apparently precipitated by his use of pyrethroid. His statements about friends using it intravenously highlight the phenomenon of an under reported substance being abused with little or no telltale signs by people with high risk for self-harm. Key Words: Psychiatrics, Substance of abuse, Pyrethroid Introduction: Pyrethroid, an insecticide is an uncommon substance of abuse in Asian countries. Cholinergic and symphathetic symptoms along with psychiatric symptoms in such rare substance of abuse have not yet been described. Case History: A 39-year-old Asian male with past psychiatric history of methamphetamine dependence and bipolar disorder type 1, came to the emergency department because of suicidal ideation with a plan to slash his throat. The patient was very agitated during initial assessment. In the emergency room (ER), the patient reported that he had been using methamphetamine for the last four years. His last use was six hours before coming to the ER and that was his only use during the past six to eight weeks. On physical examination, temperature was found to be 98 degree Fahrenheit, pulse 116/minute, blood pressure128/78mmHg, weight 68.0 kg, and height 177 cm. His pupils were 5mm in diameter and reactive. In the review of systems, the patient denied any pulmonary, cardiac, renal, and abdominal complaints. There was no complaining of increased tearing from eyes. Lungs were clear and the heart rate was regular without murmurs. Bowel sounds were normative. The patient was not oriented to time. His affect was flat and irritable. He was evasive and tangential while answering questions. A chest radiograph and electrocardiogram was normal. His urinary drug screen was positive for amphetamines, methamphetamines, and cannabinoids. Blood chemistry concentrations/counts/percent of the following analysis were mainly within reference limits: alcohol The patient was transferred to the inpatient psychiatry unit. The next day, the patient was disoriented, refused to talk to the treatment team, and slept most of the day. On his fourth hospital day, the patient was much more oriented and reported that he was unable to get methamphetamine for the past six to eight weeks because he could not afford it. The patient would use the crystals formed from one bottle for four to seven days. He claimed that his friends used those crystals intravenously after diluting them. The patient reported that it would give him the same high as methamphetamine and he would occasionally have feelings of dà ©jà   vu. The patient also reported having olfactory hallucinations while using it. He said that he liked the increase in heart rate and the â€Å"rush† he used to get after every use. The patient reported that he would sleep most of the day when he was using it. He denied unwanted adverse effects during his use except for frequent headaches upon waking up which were relieved by over-the counter analgesics. The patient had been using the insecticide for six to eight weeks and only used methamphetamine one (1) day before coming to the ER. The patient claimed that he had been compliant with his medications for bipolar disorder until he started using it. The patient was taking divalproex sodium 400mg twice daily and quetiapine extended-release 300 mg at bedtime. He voiced that he, since a few weeks before coming to the ER, got scared that he might get cancer because of the frequent use of the insecticide which led him to have suicidal ideation. Despite the reported use for six to eight weeks, the patient had no significant physical findings associated with pyrethroid abuse when he presented to the ER. The patient had suicidal ideations apparently precipitated by his use of pyrethroid. His statements about friends using it intravenously highlight the phenomenon of an under reported substance being abused with little or no tellt ale signs by people with high risk for self-harm. DISCUSSION Pyrethroid cause hyper-excitation by affecting sodium channels which are kept open for unusually long periods of time.[1] Animal studies of pyrethroid toxicity have shown hyperglycaemia and elevated plasma levels of noradrenalin and adrenaline.[2] These may account for the â€Å"rush† the patient experienced with use of it. Ingestion and parenteral injection of pyrethroid in suicide attempts, occupational exposure, and accidents are well documented and have resulted in poisoning syndromes with characteristic sympathetic activation, lacrimation, hyperexcitability, choreoathetosis, and status epileptics.[3. 4, 5] Reports of association of pyrethroid with parenteral drug abuse are fairly sparse. These have shown adverse effects like local erythematic, cellulites, and vasculitis.[6, 7] These reported cases had the pyrethroid injected either subcutaneously(popping) or intravenously usually resulting in local effects that could be noted immediately on examination. There was also ass ociation with suicidal history or ideation. Communication via phone with the National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC) was made. NPIC stated that they had no official documented cases processing pyrethroid to produce effects similar to methamphetamine or case reports of the use of pyrethroid as a recreational substance. There are certain limitations to this report. The anamnesis was taken from a person suffering from substance abuse and bipolar disorder, the latter being untreated for the last six to eight weeks, making his credibility questionable. However, our longstanding knowledge of patients with this kind of problems in this area suggests that this patient’s report should not be dismissed without careful consideration. However, our longstanding knowledge of patients with this kind of problems in this area suggests that the suicidal thoughts emerging in the patient may also not be a result of the use of pyrethroid only, as the patient’s untreated bipolar disorder may have made him more prone to such ideation. This case report is interesting in the fact that the pyrethroid was â€Å"processed† so that it could be smoked or inhaled to get a feeling of â€Å"rush.† Conclusion: Pyrethroid, an uncommon substance of abuse should be suspected in agricultural and developing countries in case of poisoning cases. Patient with mixed sympathetic and cholinergic symptoms with psychiatric symptoms should be suspected for multi substance abuse. It is important for physicians to maintain a high level of suspicion for alternate and uncommon substances of abuse and suicidal ideation among people who abuse these substances. Footnotes: Source of support : Nil Conflict Of Interest : None declared. REFERENCES [1] T.Narahashi, J.M. Frey, K. S. Ginsburg, and M. L. Roy, â€Å"Sodium and GABA-activated channels as the targets of pyrethroids and cyclodienes,† Toxicology Letters, vol. 64-65, pp. 429–436, 1992. [2] J. E. Cremer and M. P. Seville, â€Å"Comparative effects of two pyrethroids, deltamethrin and cismethrin, on plasma catecholamines and on blood glucose and lactate,† Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 124–133, 1982. [3] F. He, S. Wang, L. Liu, S. Chen, Z. Zhang, and J. Sun, â€Å"Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute pyrethroid poisoning,†Archives of Toxicology, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 54–58, 1989. [4] J. M. Larsen, A. Bindiger, R. Sherman, and S. H. Kuschner,â€Å"Insecticide injection injuries to both hands: a case report,† TheJournal of Hand Surgery, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1073–1075, 1992. [5] S. Ghosh, A. Ahlawat, K. Rai, and A. Arora, â€Å"An unusual cause of status epilepticus,† Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine,vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 106–107, 2009. [6] M. A. Miller and M. Menowsky, â€Å"Human intravenous injectionof à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½-cyfluthrin with minimal toxic effects,† The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 113.e1–113.e2, 2014. [7] F. LoVecchio and J. Knight, â€Å"Injection of pyrethroids without significant sequelae,† The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 406, 2005.