The Shape of a Hydrograph Essay Example for Free

The Shape of a Hydrograph EssayThe chassis of the hydrograph varies according to a number of exacting factors in the drainage basin A number of factors (known as drainage basin controls) influence the way in which a river responds to precipitation and have an termination on the shape of the hydrograph. The size, shape and relief of the basin are important controls. Water takes longer to reach the trunk stream in a large, move basin than in does in a small, narrow one Where gradients are steep, water runs off faster, reaches the river more quickly and causes a steep rising limb. prolong heavy rain causes more overland flow than light drizzly rain. Different river catchments produce different shapes of hydrograph. A flashy hydrograph has a short put away time, high peak discharge, and steep rising and falling limbs a damped hydrograph is the opposite. Urban development is likely to make a river catchment more flashy and prone to flooding, because of rapid runoff from imperme able tarmac surfaces into streams. Hello MAtthew The shape of a hydrograph transports according to a number of controlling factors in the drainage basin.An example is if there is a steeper gradient on the surface at which the water is running of it means that the water runs off faster and eaches the river quicker and causes a steep erect on the graph like on the Hydrograph of River Secton there is lots of discharge, compared to the River Dorth hydrograph at which the slope on the graph is shallower meaning that the surface is gentler. Also areas of permeable rocks and disgrace allow more infiltration to and so there is less surface runoff which means that the shape of the graph may change. The climate may change the shape of the graph as there is more likely to be more rainfall in winter than in the summer so the shape will be slightly different

HP deskjet Essay Example for Free

HP deskjet EssayCase Hewlett-Packard-Supplying the Deskjet Printer in Europe The DeskJet printer was introduced in 1988 and has become one of Hewlett-Packards (HPs) most successful products. Sales have grown steadily, reaching a level of over 600,000 units in 1990. Unfortunately, stemma growth has track sales growth closely. HPs distribution centers are filled with pallets of the DeskJet printer. Worse yet, the organization in Europe claims that inventory levels there need to be raised veritable(a) further to maintain satisfactory product availability. THE DESKJET SUPPLY CHAINThe network of suppliers, manufacturing sites, distribution centers (DCs), dealers, and customers for the DeskJet product make up the DeskJet supply chain (see Exhibit 17. 14). HP in Vancouver does manufacturing.There are two key stages in the manufacturing act (1) printed circuit assembly and test (PCAT) and (2) final assembly and test (FAT). PCAT involves the assembly and exam of electronic components (like integrated circuits, read-only memories, and raw printed circuit boards) to make logic boards used in the printer. FAT involves the assembly of other subassemblies (like motors, cables, keypads, plastic chassis, gears, and the printed circuit assemblies from PCAT) to produce a running(a) printer, as well as the final testing of the printer. The components needed for PCAT and FAT are sourced from other HP divisions as well as from outside(a) suppliers worldwide.Exhibit 17.14 HP DeskJet Supply ChainSelling the DeskJet in Europe requires customizing the printer to meet the language and power supply requirements of the local countries, a process known as localization. Specifically, the localization of the DeskJet of different countries involves assembling the appropriate power supply module, which reflects the correct voltage requirements (110 or 220) and power cord plug, and packaging it with the working printer and a manual written in the appropriate language.Currently, the fi nal test is done with the actual power supply module included with the printer. Hence, the accurate products of the factory are localized versions of the printer destined for all the different countries. For the European Market six different versions are currently produced. These are designated A, AA, AB, AQ, AU, and AY asindicated in the Bills of Materials shown inExhibit 17.15.Exhibit 17.15 HP DeskJet Bill of MaterialsThe total factory throughput eon through the PCAT and FAT stages is about one week. The trans behavioration time from Vancouver to the European DC is five weeks. The long shipment time to Europe is due to ocean transit and the time to clear customs and duties at port of entry. The plant sends a weekly shipment of printers to the DC in Europe.The printer industry is highly competitive. Resellers want to carry as little inventory as possible. Consequently, there has been increasing pressure for HP as a manufacturer to provide high levels of availability at the DC. In response, management has decided to nisus the DCs so that a high level of availability is maintained.THE INVENTORY SERVICE CRISISTo limit the amount of inventory throughout the DeskJet supply chain and at the aforesaid(prenominal) time provide the high level of service needed has been quite a challenge to Vancouvers management. The manufacturing group has been very successful in reducing the uncertainties caused by delivery to the European DC. Forecasting demand in Europe, though, is a significant problem. It has become common to have product shortages for model demands from some countries, while inventory of other models keeps piling up.In the past, the betoken inventory levels at the DCs were based on safety stocks that were a result of some judgmental rule of thumb. Specifically, target inventory levels, equal to one-month average sales, were set for each model carried in the DC. Now, however, it seems that the increasing difficulty of getting accurate forecasts means the saf ety stock rules should be revisited.HP has put together a team of employees to help implement a scientifically based safety stock system that will be responsive to forecast errors and replenishment lead times. They are to recommend a method for calculating appropriate safety stock levels for the various DeskJet models carried inthe European DC. The team has a good sample of demand data that can be used for developing the safety stock methodology (see Exhibit 17.16). HP hopes this new methodology will solve the inventory and service problem.

Inborn errors of metabolism

Inborn errors of metabolism1.0 AbstractInborn errors of metabolism occurs 1 in 5000 births collectively. They crapper be inured if the connatural error is diagnosed properly and early. They argon manly ca ingestiond by a divisor defect that blocks vital metabolous pathways. The whoremaster be server, which is mainly cod to amount of enzymes that is causing the block or deficiency of the chemical reaction merchandise. This female genitalia affect the organs and besides countenance local effect much(prenominal) as lysosomal store disease. The signals can vary, from mild to severe. They affect any organs and occur at any time. To recognise the Inborn Errors of metabolism, the doctor moldiness be distrustful for utilization a baby that submit signs of antecedent maternal fever should undergo a furrow culture and also undergo simple judges much(prenominal) as Amino vinegarishs, Organic acids, Glucose, Electrolytes, Lactate, and Ammonia which is d mavin in the laborat ory.2.0 AbstractInborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are a crowd of genetic indispositions that are rare. These disorders are genetic diseases that are involved in metabolism disorders. A large section of these disorders arise from single genes that encodes for enzymes that agree been defective. These enzymes are important that they catalyses chemical reactions converting substrates to products of the essence(p) for e very(prenominal)day living. Inborn errors of metabolism disorders can arise from a number of conditions such as prolong exposure and accumulation of substances which are toxic, and the interference of approach pattern billets and the inability to produce and synthesize essential compounds. Inborn errors of metabolism has related to defects in or damage to a germinateing foetus that may discombobulate been ca apply to genetic changes, that is why Inborn errors of metabolism is sometimes referred as congenital metabolic diseases. Inborn errors of metabolism feed a lso been linked to heritable disorders in spite of appearance biochemistry, for example phenylketonuria (PKU). That is why some times it is referred as inherited metabolic diseases as well. In the perspective of changes of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, IEM can split up into three useful groups that can be analysed diagnostic totallyy. grouping 1 Disorders which causes intoxication. Group 2 Disorders involving faculty metabolism. And Group 3 Disorders involving complex molecules.1.0 Introduction1.1 Inborn Errors of MetabolismIn the early 1900s, a researcher called Sir Archibald Garrods based his studies on genetic metabolic disorders and discovered IEM 1, 2. He was kn suffer for his work on the one gene, one enzyme hypothesis, based on his studies on the nature and inheritance of alkaptonuria. And gave the name and wrote a book on IEM (The Incidence of Alkaptonuria a Study in chemical Individuality.) 1, 2.IEM can arise from a number of causes, but the m ajor cause is alteration of a specific metabolic reaction 1, 2. IEM has been shown to develop at a very young age, where epidemiology findings indicated that hundreds of IEM affects about 1 in either 5000 born babies 2. alone as engineering science advances and im turn up techniques such as metabolomics, has been easy to develop neonate viewing that improves early diagnosis and treatment in a number of IEM disorders 2. But as these new techniques cost a lot to incline and time increases, proving to be unreliable 2.The study and the knowledge about congenital errors of metabolism (IEM) harbour improved due to the latest advancement in technology and techniques 2, 3. These improvement make led us to the conclusion, for example urea cycle disorders and organic acidemias may and will data track to the accumulation of ammonia, which is a toxic product of amino acid metabolism 2, 3. as well as the latest findings are that inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) may impair brain funct ion due to defects in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and disorders in gluconeogenesis 4.There are 10 facts that need to take inconsideration when people with IEM undergo clinical diagnosis 5.Common condition such as, intoxication, encephalitis and brain tumours in older perseverings and also sepsis have to be analysed properly and always consider IEM in the same field 5.Symptom that persists and that are unexplained horizontal forwards, during and after initial treatment and usual investigations has been per mixtureed, have to be taken to consideration that it could be IEM 5.Newborn babies that have organ dysfunction, hypo-perfusion, or hypotension can develop sepsis, which can be ca utilize by IEM. So any babies in neonatal intensive care unit that die, the first cause that has to be taken to account is IEM 5.Have to take extra care in reviewing all autopsy findings 5.The examiner must not confuse a symptom for example peripheral neuropathy or syndrome such as sudden infant death with etiology 5.IEM can develop and present at any age, for example from foetal life to old age 5.The examiner must take to account that not all genetic metabolic errors causes are due to hereditary and transmitted recessive disorders, but a large section of individual cases are sporadic 5.Always consider inborn errors of metabolism are readable to treatment for example with patients that have inborn errors of metabolism due to intoxication 5.In server situations, the examiner will need to take a fewer patients with IEM that are able to diagnose and treat the patient with IEM 5.The examiner must be open to obtain help from specialised centres that specialise with IEM 5.The metabolic disorders can be set into three useful groups that can easily be distinguished from each other 5, 6, 7. These three groups are sorted from a pathophysiological get of view 5, 6, 7. The groups are Group 1 Disorders which is caused by intoxication 5, 6, 7. Group 2 Disorders involving zip metabo lism 5, 6, 7. And Group 3 Disorders involving complex molecules 5, 6, 7.1.2 Group 1- Disorders which is caused by intoxicationIn this group, it describes inborn errors of intermediary metabolism. These inborn errors cause acute of imperfect intoxication from long exposure and increase of toxic compounds, forming a metabolic block 5, 6, 7. In group 1 the inborn errors are manly amino acid dissimilation 5, 6, 7. These include phenylketonuria, where in that location is a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) which is infallible to metabolise the amino acid phenylalanine to the amino acid tyrosine 5, 6, 7. Homocystinuria is an inherited disorder of the metabolism of methionine 5, 6, 7. Tyrosinemia is where body cannot break down the amino acid tyrosine 5, 6, 7. Also organic acidurias such as methylmalonic acidemia, and propionic acidemia 5, 6, 7.Sugar intolerances are also classified in group 1 5, 6, 7. These include hereditary fructose intolerance caused by a def iciency of liver enzymes that metabolise fructose. Metal toxication also falls under group 1 such as hemochromatosis, where the patient has accumulated a lot of iron 5, 6, 7.All these metabolic disorders have something in common, in that they do not affect the embryo development, and also show similar symptoms of clinical intoxication 5, 6, 7. A patient with group 1 disorders may show an acute signs of vomiting, coma and liver failure or chronic signs which are cardiomyopathy, developmental delay and failure to boom. Acute symptoms that can worsen are catabolism, fever, and food intake 5, 6, 7.The analysis in group 1 is easy, and without any complications 5, 6, 7. It needs the use of chromatography in which the plasma and urine amino acid. Most of group 1 disorders are treatable. Treatment is usually involves special diets and cleansing drugs such as atomic number 11 benzoate and penicillamine, to remove the toxins 5, 6, 7.The inborn error of amino acid synthesis is also included to this group, as they have the same or similar features 7, 8. They are inborn errors of intermediary metabolism the analysis requires the plasma and urine where disorders are able to be treated even when the disorder starts with in the uterus, for example 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency 5, 6, 7, 8.1.3 Group 2- Disorders involving energy metabolismIn this group inborn errors are errors of intermediary metabolism as well. The symptoms are mainly caused by a lack of energy work or utilization. This will involve the liver, myocardium, muscle, and brain 5, 6, 7.There are two types of disorders involving energy metabolism. 1. involves mitochondrial energy defects. 2. involves cytoplasmatic energy defects 5, 6, 7.Mitochondrial energy defects are more aggressive and are not fully treatable 5, 6, 7. Mitochondrial energy defects cause lactic acidemias where there is dextrorotatory lactic acid in the circulating blood, resulting to defects of the pyruvate comporter resulting to PKU, pyruvate carboxylase this causes lactic acid to accumulate in the blood, pyruvate dehydrogenase where the patient can show symptoms of severe lethargy, and defects in the Krebs cycle 5, 6, 7. But some defects such as fatty acid oxidation and ketone body defects are partly treatable 5, 6, 7.Cytoplasmic energy defects are not as much aggressive then mitochondrial energy defects. A cytoplasmic energy defect causes disorders of glycolysis, glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis 5, 6, 7. And recent study showed it causes disorders of creatine metabolism which it is partly treatable by oral creatine supplementation 5, 6, 7. Cytoplasmic energy defects can cause disorders that are untreatable, such as errors of the pentose phosphate pathway which will be described in further details 5, 6, 7.In group 2, the common symptoms are heart muscle disease, hypoglycaemia, myopathy which is a muscular disease, cardiac failure, specific failure of the circulation, sudden death especially in inf ancy 5, 6, 7.Mitochondrial disorders and as well as the pentose phosphate pathway defects can obstruct embryo-foetal development and give rise to dysmorphism, dysplasia causing an abnormality in maturation of electric cells within a tissue and congenital disorder 5, 6, 7, 9. The analysis and the diagnosis are hard to put through as it requires 4 different tests 5, 6, 7. 1. Function tests 5, 6, 7. 2. Enzymatic analyses needing biopsies 5, 6, 7. 3. carrel culture 5, 6, 7. 4. Molecular analyses 5, 6, 7.1.4 Group 3- Disorders involving complex molecules.Group 3 involves cellular organelles 5, 6, 7. The diseases that fall under group 3 modify the synthesis or the catabolism of complex molecules 5, 6, 7. There are symptoms that are permanent and progressive, and some symptoms free from intercurrent events 5, 6, 7.In this group there are disorders such as lysosomal storage disorders, peroxisomal disorders and inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis etc. In this group treatment is difficult would need enzyme replacement therapy, especially for lysosomal disorders 5, 6, 7, 10.2.0 General Symptoms and SignsThere is a way for testing newborn babies for inborn errors 11. This process is called Newborn screening. This tests babies at a very early age for intravenous feeding types of diseases that are treatable genetic, endocrinologic, metabolic and hematologic diseases 11. Dr Robert Guthrie was a microbiologist who designed a dried blood spot testing, and used it to screen for phenylketonuria 12. To this present day that spotting test is still being used. As techniques have improved so have the screening 12. A physician who is screening a newborn baby for a metabolic disorder has follow four groups of clinical circumstancesThe physician must find early symptoms, especially in the antenatal and neonatal period of development.In the later stages the physician must find symptoms that are server and recurring. Symptoms such as coma and vomiting.If the physician finds any sy mptoms that are chronic and aggressive, they could be due to three things 1) Gastrointestinal. 2) Muscular. 3) Neurological. These will be described in more detail belowThe physician must find any signs of cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly etc. This could malarky to organ failures.The three groups have symptoms that are chronic and aggressive that can be easily ignored or misinterpreted.2.1 Gastrointestinal Symptoms.If a patient has inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), the person efficacy have symptoms that fall under the Gastrointestinal Symptoms (GI) group 13. These symptoms include Anorexia, which is an eating disorder 5, 13. Osteoporosis which untreated could lead to bones fracturing. Chronic vomiting, feeding difficulties, and failure to thrive are also symptoms of (GI). But they are also associated with chronic diarrhoea 5, 13. This could lead to false and the wrong diagnosis 5, 13.There are two groups that have been described to have caused chronic diarrhoea and failure to thrive within inborn errors of metabolismThese disorders include errors of the intestinal mucosa or the exocrine function of the pancreas, for example congenital chloride diarrhoea, glucose- galactose mal assimilation a condition in which the cells lining the intestine cannot take in the sugars. Lactase and sucrose-isomaltase deficiencies where the person is unable to metabolise lactose or sucrose. Abetalipoproteinemia type II disorder that interferes with the normal absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins from food 5, 13. Enterokinase deficiency Enterokinase is an enzyme involved in human digestion. Acrodermatitis enteropathica, a condition that affects that absorption of Zinc. Etc 5, 13.Systemic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes, sickle cell disease, sarcoidosis, etc can also give rise to GI abnormalities. A problem has risen in distinguishing systemic abnormalities and inborn error of metabolism and vice versa 5, 13.2.2 Muscle Symptoms.There are a number of symptoms that fall under this group. For example Hypotonia, where there is a disorder that causes low muscle tone and strength 5, 14. Muscular weakness and poor muscle mass 5, 14. These symptoms are common with many inborn errors of metabolism. These symptoms can be caused by urea cycle defects and many amino acid metabolism disorders 5, 14. Recent studies have shown that the cause of muscle symptoms can be due to mutations in the monocarboxylate transporter 8 gene, which can develop Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome 14. Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome falls under the muscle symptoms group as it causes hypotonus, general weakness of the muscle, reduced muscle mass and detain development 14. Further studies showed that this X-linked mental retardation syndrome is involved in the transport of triiodothyronine into neurones and disrupts the blood levels of thyroid hormone 14.2.3 Neurological Symptoms.Patients with inborn errors often have neurological symptoms. These include of neurological abnormalities , in the central and peripheral system. Studies have shown that these neurological symptoms are very frequent with inborn errors 5, 15. These symptoms include poor feeding, hypotonia, ataxia, and even autistic features 5, 15. The analysis of inborn errors, due to the screening of neurological symptoms is very difficult due to symptoms that are non specific signs sings that include for example developmental delay, and hypotonia 15.3.0 cover song Newborns for Inborn Error of Metabolism3.1 Newborn screeningNewborn screening is a technique, used to recover inborn errors 17, 12. It was first used to detect phenylketonuria (PKU) by a bacterial inhibition assay, developed in the 1961 by Dr Robert Guthrie as already stated. His technique in using dried blood sample was further developed in the mid 1975, where a scientist called Dussault used a order to screening for congenital hypothyroidism 16. A lot of time and silver has been invested into the screening programme, and now they have u ncovered new disorders that are related to inborn errors 17, 12. Disorders such as cystic fibrosis, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which is a form mutation of genes that produces enzymes that mediating production of cortisol from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and many more 5.To this present day, for screening newborns, tandem mass spectrometry is used 18. It is a lot easier for screening and diagnosis. The application of tandem mass spectrometry to newborn screening was first described in 1990 18.The primary aim of newborn screening is to identify patients, manly infants with serious disorders that are treatable 18. This will urinate it easy to prevent or improve clinical symptoms of the disease 18. Tandem mass-spectrometry is very useful in detecting more than one disorder at one time 18. This can be used to detect early untreatable disorders and also can be beneficial if the screening was not limited to just individual babies, bu t the whole family as well 18.The screening process uses MSMS 18. MSMS is the method used to measure analytes by both mass and structure 18. First the compounds are ionised, where the first mass spectrometer selects the ion of interest, where it is sorted by weight 18. indeed the compounds travel through a collision cell, are dissociated to signature fragments, and then pass into a second mass spectrometer where ions are selected for detection. 18.3.2 Method for screeningResearch have been done where most newborn screening programmes use simplifying sample preparation, instead derivatisation of the sample which is the old method 18. When investigating, the sample might show more than one disorder. But the use of ratio of analytes improves sensitivity and specificity 19. Specialised biochemical genetic testing is always done to verify which type of disorder the patient has 18. Theses genetic tests include amino acid analysis, organic acid analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrom etry, and plasma acylcarnitine profile by MSMS 18.4.0 Screening for Individual Inborn Errors of MetabolismWell over 40 inborn errors of metabolism can now be detected by newborn screening 20. This section will look at three inborn errors.4.1 Pentose Phosphate PathwayThe pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is an anabolic pathway where is uses a 6 blow glucose to generate a 5 speed of light sugars and reducing equivalents, as shown in Fig. 1. There are three primary functions of this pathway 21To generate reducing equivalents, such as NADP forming NADPH. NADPH allows reduction biosynthesis reactions to occur within cells 21.To produce ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) for the cell, for the synthesis of the nucleotides and nucleic acids 21.Can metabolise dietary pentose sugars that are derived from digestion of nucleic acids 21. These also rearrange the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates into glycolytic/gluconeogenic intermediates 21.4.1.1 Disorders of the Pentose Phosphate PathwayThere ar e three inborn error in the pentose phosphate pathway that have been identified 21.4.1.2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyThe enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), catalyses the reaction that converts glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate. This creates one mole of NADPH each for every mole of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) that enters the PPP 21. A deficiency would lead to an error to the first irreversible step of the pathway 21. This would lead further to a lower production in NADPH, making the cell more acceptable to oxidative stress 21.G6PDH is very important for Erythrocytes metabolism 21. A deficiency could lead Individuals to nonimmune hemolytic anaemia which can be caused by, infection or exposure to certain medications or chemicals 21. G6PDH deficiency is also linked to favism 21. It is thought to be an X-linked recessive hereditary disease 21.4.1.3 Ribose-5-Phosphate Isomerase DeficiencyA recent study have shown that a patient with of ribose-5-phospha te isomerise deficiency, had developed progressive leucoencephalopathy and, developmental and speech delay 21. They did further studies using NMR and institute that polyols ribitol and D-arabitol compactness was abnormal in body fluids 21, 22. They did their studies on fibroblasts and found that the enzyme gene-sequence analysis showed a frame-shift and a missense mutation 22.4.1.31 metabolic DerangementRibose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency would mean that the reversible reaction converting ribose-5-phosphate to ribulose-5-phosphate and vice versa will halt 22. If there was no deficiency ribulose-5-phosphate would be converted to xylulose 5-phosphate, which will provide the substrates for transketolase and further conversion into glycolytic intermediates 22.Studies have found that there are two mutant allele one from each parents that results in ribose-5-phosphate isomerise gene that causes the deficiency 22. So it could be an autosomal recessive inheritance disorder 22. The be st way to do a diagnostic test for Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency would be to take a urine sample 22. Polyols ribitol and D-arabitol would be analysed 22. Also enzyme assay can be used to sequence the ribose-5-phosphate isomerise gene 22.4.1.4 Transaldolase DeficiencySome studies have been done where three unrelated families had Transaldolase deficiency 23. One patient had aortic coarctation where the aorta narrows 23. During the patients life they found that ammonia was rising. But neurological and dexterous development has been normal. Another patient had HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count) 23, 24.Children with transaldolase deficiency have been diagnosed have found that the development of intellectual and neurological showed no abnormalities 23, 24. But there is a strong link to liver cirrhosis which results from increased cell death of hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells 23, 24.4.1.41 Metabolic DerangementTransaldolase catalys es the reaction Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate erythrose 4-phosphate + fructose 6-phosphate 59.It is a reversible reaction in the pentose phosphate pathway. The deficiency lead to the accumulation of polyols derived from the pathway intermediates erythritol, arabitol and ribitol 59.Studies have shown that all patients were homozygous for these specific mutations, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance 23, 24. A simple urine test can be done to diagnose of transaldolase deficiency, mainly because there is a high concentration of arabitol and ribitol in urine. Also enzyme assay can be used to sequence the gene 23, 24. Liver transplant would be the solely option with patients that have severe liver cirrhosis 23, 24.4.2.0 Insulin secernment by the pancreatic -cellIn the production of insulin glucose enters the -cell through a GLUT2 transporter where it is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme glucokinase 58. The enzyme is used as a control, whe re it monitors the level of glucose 58. As blood glucose raises the rate of glucose metabolism also increases, where the cell will undergo glycolysis generating ATP 58. This increase of ATP concentration causes K+ channels to close, making the membrane depolarised 58. This depolarisation causes the voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels to open and Ca ions flood in, stimulating insulin secretion by exocytosis from storage granules this is shown in Fig. 2.4.2.1Persistent Hyperinsulinemic HypoglycaemiaHyperinsulinism has been diagnoses in all ages but it is very common in childhood 25. Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia (PHHI) is the one of the main cause of hypoglycaemia especially in young children. Patients who are older, that develop PHHI are due to pancreatic adenoma 25. Hypoglycaemia when there is an overproduction of insulin by the -cells in the pancreas 25. Hypoglycaemia can produce a variety of symptoms the most dangerous is brain damage which can lead to death, and that is w hy treatment is vital 25. PHHI has two histopathological lesions that can be easily distinguished, making PHHI a heterogeneous disorder 25.Focal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia (FoPHHI) is caused by loss of heterozygosity which is a somatic event 25. This causes focal adenomatous hyperplasia, which is a pancreatic lesion 25. They are treated with pancreatectomy, where they surgically remove part of the pancreas.Diffuse hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia (DiPHHI) is also a heterogeneous disorder, in that fact that it is unable to encode for proteins needed for insulin secretion 25. This can also be caused autosomal recessive and dominant genes which are rare 25. Positron emission tomography (PET) is used to distinguish amongst focal and diffuse PHHI 25. This gives a 3D image or picture of functional processes in the body 25. Once a patient is diagnosed with PHHI, they are on treatment straight away with glucose and glucagon 25.4.2.12Metabolic DerangementHyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia is due to insulin hypersecretion by the pancreas 25. The Action insulin causes a decrease in plasma glucose by inhibiting hepatic glucose change by reversal from glycogen and gluconeogenesis, and by increasing glucose uptake in muscle and fat 25.PHHI is a disorder that is caused by a variety of defects, either in canon of insulin secretion, unable to transcribe the enzymes needed of even a modified receptor 26. For example diseases that can affect the ion channels like seizures 27, 28, 29. Also lack of enzyme production of glucokinase (GK), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) 30, 31.Epidemiology has found that 1/50,000 patients are born with PHHI 32, 33. Focal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia is strongly linked to mutation of the sulfonylurea-receptor and the K+ channels, both used to depolarise the cell 32, 33. both(prenominal) are found to be hardened on the chromosome 11p15 32, 33. To identify these mutations they would need to be tested in a foetus or embryo before it is born. Sulf onylurea-receptor gene (SUR1) will not respond to diazoxide, which is used as a K+ channels activator 34.Studies have found that a high activity of the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) has resulted to hyperinsulism/hyperammonemia syndrome. This would make sense as GDH is needed to produce insulin and this would impair detoxification of ammonia in the liver 31. The enzyme glucokinase (GK) is also expressed highly, where the affinity is increased for glucose, causing high levels of insulin secretion 30.4.2.13 Diagnostic TestsDiagnostic of HI is easy, in the fact that, it can be indicated by the levels of glucose in the blood. Treatment varies from age 35. Hyperammonemia should be treated as some other disease, when a patient has PHHI, when treating hyperinsulism/hyperammonemia syndrome. This can be done by analysis of urine organic acids and plasma acylcarnitines 36.Patients who show the FoPHHI can have lesion ranging from 2.5 to 7.5 mm in diameter 37, 38. People who have DiPHHI found that there was -cells that were abnormal 39. Pancreatic venous catheterization (PVS) and pancreatic arteriography have proven very useful in muddle the site of insulin secretion 40, 41. PVS procedure will have to able to maintain blood glucose level, which is between 2 and 3 mmol/l. Blood sample would then be taken from the pancreas to measure 3 things 1.plasma glucose, 2.insulin and 3.C-peptide levels 40, 41.Studies have shown that people with FoPHHI tend to have high concentration of plasma insulin and C-peptide levels in some samples and low concentration in others 40, 41. People who have DiPHHI tend to find that all their sample have high concentration of plasma insulin and C-peptide 40, 41.The use of 18F-labelled fluoro-L-DOPA whole-body positron emission tomography (PET), has proved to be very useful in detecting hyperfunctional islet pancreatic tissue, where this can be used on patients with focal lesion 42.Recent studies have shown that a new technique have been use t o locate focal lesion and separate focal from diffuse forms of HI this is the tolbutamide test 44, 45.4.2.14 Treatment and Prognosis point damage can occur if you are hypoglycaemic, so treatment needs to be quick. Glucagon would be given, where the patient would have to take 1 to 2 mg per day if blood glucose levels are unstable 35. To treat PHHI, diazoxide would be given, usually at a dose of 15-10 mg/kg/day depending on your age 35. Normal blood glucose levels should be between 4 and 7 mmol/l, before and after a meal 56. This could need to be check every time once taking diazoxide 35, 56.Octreotide treatment, can also be used as it is a hormone inhibitor 46. But a high could lead to a more severe hypoglycaemia, as it can inhibit glucagon and growth hormone 46. Patients will find that after treatment with octreotide, they might vomit or have diarrhoea 46.Calcium-channel blockers could be used, such as Lercanidipine and Pranidipine 46. These treatments that have been mentioned are v ery effective in controlling blood sugar 46.If a patient is diagnosed with FoPHHI, the treatment tends to be surgical as drugs are ineffective 46. They would undergo pancreatectomy. This procedure has its risk as the patient might develop diabetes mellitus 46. DiPHHI patients have been found to have large nuclei in the -cells 35, 47. And patients with FoPHHI showed no abnormal s-cell nuclei but did show shrunken cytoplasm 49, 50.4.3 Glucose Transporter DeficiencyMonosaccharides such as glucose and fructose have the properties of being hydrophilic 59. The lipid bilayer has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, prevent polar molecule such as glucose from diffusing across the membrane 59, 60. So transport mechanisms are needed. These are hydrophilic pores allowing polar molecules to diffuse in and out of the cell 59, 60.There are two types of glucose transporters. 1. Sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLT), which have been found to be located in the small intestine and the prox imal tubule 59, 60. SGLT uses the difference in concentration of sodium to transport glucose 59, 60. From high to low concentration of sodium causes the transport of glucose against its own concentration gradient 59, 60. 2. Facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT), which has been found throughout the body, but manly in muscle and pancreas cells 59, 60. These transporters transport glucose from high to low concentration 59, 60.Studies have shown that there are four defects in the transport of monosaccharides 59, 60. These defects can depend on where the transporters are located within the body and what they transport in and out of the cell 59, 60.As already stated there are four defects. 1. SGLT2, which is found in renal tubulus cells that can cause renal glucosuria 59, 60. 2. SGLT1, which is found in the intestine, which can cause glucose-galactose malabsorption 59, 60. 3. GLUT2, a transporter that carries glucose to the liver kidneys and pancreas 59, 60. 4. GLUT1 is important, in t he fact that it carries glucose to the brain cell (neuron and glia cells)

The History Of The Blues Harmonica Music Essay

The History Of The color Harmonica Music EssayThe harp is a salvage beating-reed putz instrument instrument this means that hold out is gen date of referenceted as air flows past a thin strip of material and makes it vibrate producing effectual. Air pressure is unremarkably generated by brea matter or blowing into a hole, cane or pipe. The air flows over atomic number 53 side of the reed, creating an ara of low pressure and cau chirp the reed to flex towards the opposite side. The frame enclosing the reed is built so that when it flexes it blocks the air flow, reducing the low pressure area and allowing the reed to bend back.The harp is k right offn to have different cites similar the Gob Iron, the Tin Sandwich, the Mouth Organ only if most commonly the harp, probably because of its mechanism existence so similar to the Jews harp, which consists of a single reed mounted on a frame that is plucked to create a note that resonates in the doers mouth.The starting signal big reed instruments were invented in the Ancient Far East and were not known in the West until quite recently.Among these ancient instruments there is the khaen of Laos which consists of various pipes rise unneurotic in a set of rows, truly much the likes of a pan pipe, or the shng of China and the sh of Japan, which are more of a group of tubes, tralatitiously inserted into a hollow dried fruit like a gourd, which nowadays is made of steel. (see Illustration x)These conventional instruments have survived to modern propagation and are currently employ in social music and courtship rituals, and the sheng is even so one of the instruments used in Chinese opera.The metal free reeds governing body used in the khaen and sheng is thought to be the ancestor of the reeds used in harps in the present.The shng was brought to Russia at the end of the 18th century. It seems it inspired a gang of devices in the early 19th century, which was the foundation for the development of th e more modern free reeds.A Czech organ builder named Franz Kirschnek fashioned a freshly-fangled kind of free reed to be used in organ pipes. He might have just adapted an earlier model of free reed or he actually come up with the idea completely independently.Harmonicas, as we know them todayWhen we talk about the mouth harp as we know it today, it is hard to determine exactly who the inventor was. There were no factories at the time, and it was a case of individual artisans who were trying out new ideas.At the time, numerous spate tried to construct instruments with free reeds in Vienna, Paris, London, and America, so its not clear who might have been the prime(prenominal) but credit does go to a modern German by the name of Friedrich Buschmann, who later on was also known to invent the concertina. He was a clockmaker, and roughly 1816 he devised an goal used as a piano tuner and called it mundaeoline, which is German means mouth harp.What can be determined is that one of the oldest artisans to make mouth harps was Christian Messner. about the late 1820s he got one of these short(p) harmonicas from Vienna, thought it was an enlivening instrument, repaired it and awoke an interest in his colleagues, who asked him to make them one too. He saw it could become a moneymaking(a) business and became the first harmonica maker in South-West Ger most(prenominal).At this point it was only possible to blow into harmonicas it was later, around 1847 when Johannes Richter added a secondary breastfeed reed plate under the blow plate.From 1840, Messners nephew Christian Weiss decided to set up his own small company and began to work on his own designs.In 1857, an an new(prenominal)(prenominal) young clockmaker named Matthias Hohner bought and managed to copy one of Buschmanns creations. With this and a bit of espionage from the Weiss Harmonica Company he managed to introduce his own design. He gave the instrument a nicer look, ornamenting its cover plates and dis playacting his brand name. He was a talented salesman and businessman. He improved production and bought out his competitors.By the 1870s, mass production began at the Hohner Company and they started an fast-growing(a) overseas marketing campaign the harmonica now looked very much like the ones we know today. The American civil war made the harmonica very surfaceular in the USA. Hohner had already sent harmonicas over and the soldiers found it easy to play and carry. Within a comparatively short space of time, the Hohner Company was transportation billions of Richter Marine Band harmonicas to America every year. Around the 1900s, half of the harmonicas made in Germany were sold to the United States. In the 1920s, Hohner was making over 50 million harmonicas every year, and distributing them all over the world. From then on they have been the leading harmonica company.Up until then, harmonicas could only be played in a study scale (or natural minor), so by blowing naturally, you could not take down any half steps or sharps and flats.For example, a C Major scale would be C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C and that would be the C Diatonic harmonica. It would be like only playing the white keys on a piano.Hohner then decided to develop a chromatic harmonica that could play all 12 notes of a scale, making it a very versatile instrument which is used for music which requires a great pattern of notes. It is specially used in jazz, pop and of program classical music.Although it allows the possibility to play any scale, in any key, it dissimulation bend notes very considerably so the player cant really achieve a megrimsy kind of wholesome as good as on the diatonic (bluesy serious explained nevertheless).In the Seydel Factory in Saxony, they still use the original machines that were used 130 years ago to make their harmonicas and although the parts are mass produced they must still be assembled by hand, someone at some point in the line of production must check and fine tune the harmonica manually. supernumerary small plates and files are used to make precise adjustments to the reeds and it is a task that cannot be undertaken mechanically every reed must be tuned by hand.The harmonica is one of the most portable instruments it fits in any pocket or bag and is easy to carry around. There are endless stories about how harmonicas deliver lives from stopping bullets by being in the soldiers uniform in the compensate place at the right time, to other stories of many musicians that made a financial support out of playing it.It is a close and intimate instrument, and very personal as players wouldnt let other people play their harmonica (especially for hygienic reasons). cuss of isolated men, from prisoners, soldiers and shepherds to astronauts, as it was the first musical instrument in outer space.On a Gemini space flight in December 1965, astronaut Wally Schirra reported an unidentified flying object in a polar orbit, We have an object, looks like a satellite going from north to south, probably in polar orbit. Looks like he might be going to re-enter soon. You just might let me pick up that thing. I see a command module and eight smaller modules in front. The pilot of the command module is wearing a red suit and then played noise Bells on a four hole, eight-note Little Lady Hohner harmonica that he had managed to smuggle on board.It is an extraordinary little device, invented as a toy, considered a splendid instrument and that has now been with us for over 150 years and will still go on for many more.How do harmonicas work?Parts and MechanismsThe harmonica was initially designed to be able to play various notes at the same time in combinations that were harmonic and made intuitive sense because they could automatically support melodious notes. By blowing and sucking the player can easily get the notes sounding right, without the need to work on getting the notes to sound clear like on the guitar, it is a bit more like pl aying keys on the piano.Anyone can buy a good functional harmonica without having to dribble a lot of money, and that is something you cant say about guitars or keyboards. Although usually out of the box harmonicas need a lot of fine tuning and utilizationizing for ripe and professional playing. they are raw materials waiting to be formed in to a real instrument. Then again that also happens with most professional instruments.The prefatory mechanism is as explained in the previous section about free reed instruments. For the purpose of this analysis from now on when the harmonica is mentioned, it will be referring to the ten hole diatonic, the most commonly used harmonica for clan, rock and of course blues music.The diatonic harmonica consists of two cover plates, two reed plates and a comb (see illustration x). Cover plates cover the reed-plates and are usually made of metal. There are two causes of cover plates traditional stamped metal unmannerly designs like the Hohner Ma rine Band, and enclosed designs such as the Suzuki Promaster. The first are usually lighter and smaller than the enclosed ones which often are heavier but found out a louder tonal quality.The comb is the primary(prenominal) body of the instrument. Its the central part of the harmonica and its what everything is bolted or nailed to. Its called a comb because it looks very much like a hair comb.As air goes though the harmonica, it usually carries saliva, so this inner structure must be made out of a type of material that can resist exposure to moisture and that way avoid expanding or smelling. Traditionally they are made from pear wood, although they can also be found made out of plastic or metal.There are two brass reed plates on a diatonic harmonica, each with 10 to 12 reeds riveted on to it. The reeds are shorter for the higher pitch, so the lower the note is, the longer the reed. The top plate is for the blow notes and the bottom is for the draw notes, so the reeds are facing th e opposite direction.After a bandage reeds do go out of tune, and some notes might lose their brightness, they start to sound flat and inconsistent. That indicates the harmonica needs re-tuning.Although every hole in the harmonica can easily produce one note as the player blows air in to it, and one as he draws air, there are many more hidden notes that can be found by bending (a term used by guitarists, who actually bend the strings up or down to create a subtle change in the pitch) or overblowing. (see illustration Bendable Notes Chart)If while doing a draw note, the airflow is increased, the draw reed over-flexes and the air pressure causes the blow reed from the same hole to vibrate too, making a new note pop out, so basically you are drawing air through the blow reed. The best way to understand how air pressure is changed is by whistling and trying to change the pitch of the initial note. The changes your mouth, tongue and throat make are similar to the ones a harmonica player makes when he air embolism a note.Bending notes is a tough technique for beginner harmonica players and it is where the secret to getting a bluesy sound lies, because its the way to get the flat third, fifth and seventh the blue notes.The vaporsy SoundThe term the blues usually refers to melancholy and sadness and is constantly heard in lyrics to describe a depressed mood. Blues is a form of expression and a feeling that is brought to a musical form.In very technical words, the blues form is characterized by specific concord progressions also found in other genres like folk, jazz, and rock and roll. The twelve-bar blues harmonize progression is one of the most common, although there are others like the eight-bar, used in songs like Key to the highway, originally by bear-sized Bill Broonzy, or the sixteen-bar as in Ray Charles Sweet 16 hinders or in Herby Hancocks Watermelon Man. The basic twelve-bar framework blues progression has a distinctive form in phrase and chord struct ure and duration. The structure is base on the Tonic, Subdominant and prevailing chords of the key.For exampleA blues song in the key of C would have the spare-time activity structureTake the Tonic Subdominant Dominant chords and play them in the following orderT T T T S S T T D S T TSo the chords for a blues tune in the key of C would be C, F and G and they would be played in the following orderC C C C F F C C G F C CFitting the lyrics in this structure makes them sing very much like poetry sound when it is read out loud. The structure consists on an AAB pattern, consisting of a line being interpret over the first four bars, in repetitions over the next four bars, and a longer finishing line over the last four bars.victimization Robert Johnsons Sweet Home shekels as a standard twelve bar Blues example for analysis, we find the following patternBar 1Bar 2Bar 3Bar 4ACome on,Baby dont you want togoBar 5Bar 6Bar 7Bar 8AI said, come on,Baby dont you want togoBar 9Bar 10Bar 11Bar 12BTo that same old placeSweet home pelfThis progression of chords is the basis of thousands other rock and pop songs that often have a blue sound even without using the traditional twelve-bar arrangement.The harmonica player has to be very aware of what key and chord the song is in, because he has to fit in that progression or the notes he plays would not sound right. He then also has to know very well when and where to fit in the blue notes that, for expressive reasons are played flattened or piecemeal bent (minor 3rd to major 3rd, explained further along) in similarity to the pitch of the major scale.After all, the blues is a feeling and although it can be analysed technically as any other musical genre, to play it right it has to be felt. Like Muddy Watters puts it when youve got no bread and your love sick youve got the blues.And although people cant even begin to imagine hard workerry, working in the cotton wool fields, or being racially discriminated like i t was in those days, they can still feel the romanticism of that feeling in a sense of a Im with them support.The blues is not all just about playing the twelve-bar, like Mick Abrahams from Fleetwood Mac says in the documentary Blues Britannia Can Blue Men piffle the Whites, If you can play one note in the twelve-bar solo and make somebody cry or laugh, or all the lovely emotions that are associated with music, thats truly to me the blues its almost a prayerNonetheless some blues artists also used the blues as a base for more comical, lascivious lyrics, such as Big Joe Turners Rebecca (Rebecca, Rebecca, get you big legs off me, Rebecca, Rebecca, get you big legs off me. It may be sending you baby, but its worrying the wickedness out of me) or Tampa Reds Tight Like That (There was a little black rooster met a little brown hen, made a date at the barn about a half past ten).What got the Harmonica in to blues?The main thing that got the harmonica into the blues was its inexpensiven ess which now is a thing of the past as Paul Jones lead singer and harmonica player for Manfred Mann, says in the documentary Tin Sandwich Anyone?, and it is because at the time they were an affordable instrument that the African Americans managed to popularise by introducing it to the blues. Little Walter was quoted saying When I started to play harmonicas, they were a dime Now theyre a dollar and a half Those people ought to remember who popularised them that wayThe first harmonica recordings made around 1924 by many unknown musicians totally revolutionised the way the instrument was played, and gave way to the blues harmonica as we know it.The harmonica allowed for some very visceral, meaningful sounds that almost felt like wails of pain and sorrow. They almost felt like an extension from the articulation and were definitely very expressive and profound close intimate instruments. It was amazing how such a small simple instrument was able to communicate so many things and create so many different effects.Harmonica players at the time discovered that it was possible to lower the pitch of some of the notes by changing the shape of the air space inside his mouth whilst playing Bending. They also found that drawing instead of blowing, and not playing in the key of the harmonica, but in the key of the dominant 7th chord, they could create sounds that had nothing to do with the major-key folk for which the harmonica was originally intended the Cross Harp.Train imitations and fox-chases, or many of the typical blues licks, would have been unimaginable without these two features.Bending is probably the first way the player starts hearing a bluesy sound coming from this little instrument. Bends are essential for blues and rock harmonica sound, due to the sad and soulful sound the instrument can draw out. That wailing and yell of the blues harmonica is achieved by bending.Playing the harmonica in the same key as the song is in would mean the player is in the first bearing or strait. He would be mostly using blow notes and it is the way he would get a melody, or more of a folk sound. The cross harp, or second position, consists on taking the harmonica in a different key from the song (being in the circle of fifths) and mostly playing draw notes.For exampleAccompanying a guitarist playing a song in A, the harmonica player could play an A harmonica in first position, or a D harmonica in the second position. Both would fit in but the D harmonica would make it sound more bluesy than the A harmonica.The way the cross harp works is that there are only so many scales one can do on each harmonica. On a piano or a guitar all scales can be played from all keys on the same instrument, but on the harmonica the player has to change keys. This way draw notes can be played easier and so can the blue notes.Usually beginner harmonicas come with a cross harp chart in the box (see illustration. x), where you can see what key you have to be on to sound bluesy o r melodic.Many other techniques can be also used in combination. Vibrato, commonly used with other instruments, can also be done on the harmonica. Vibrato, as the name indicates, gives the notes a vibrating sound. Usually it is made by contracting the muscles on the throat and varying the airflow. Another typical way to do it is by opening a closing your hands around the instrument freeing more or less air. Vibrato is a very common effect used by singers and other instruments.Thanks to the way the harmonica is constructed, it also allows the player to play chords. A chord is a set of two or more notes played together harmonically. By stretching the mouth over two, three or four holes and playing them together as one melodic note you can get chords on the harmonica.By playing chords the player can also get a vamping effect, which is achieved by alternating chords and single notes to accompany himself while playing a song.The idea of vamping is to fill in the silences in the melody wi th chords in the right beat. By keeping that beat going, the player can make it sound like two harmonicas are playing one doing the chords and another one doing the melody.Little Walter and Sonny Terry were both known for great vamping in their tunes. Usually their sound was very rich and full and the harmonica sounded more powerful.The Blues HarmonicaBlues Origins and BackgroundThe blues goes back to the 17th century, in the United States. Blues is defined as the folk genre for the African-American population, primarily the Deep South, which originated from their spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads.At the time unify states were a British colony that brought slaves from Africa who populated most of the south of the plain. They worked on the tobacco, cotton and rice plantations and were not allowed to practice their cultures and religions. The first bluesmen were people that used to sing about how their life was to try and r elieve the pain. In a way they were trying to send messages that travelled from plantation to plantation, to show what being a slave was.Blues became, for the African-Americans, a form of expression and a way to tell their stories. It was emotionally deep, straight to the point and full of meaning. John Mayall, from the Blues Breakers says the main charm about the blues is that it has such an authenticity about in the fact that when you listen to it you hear these stories, and visualize that these are real stories. And often they were, as narrative of the lyrics was usually about the cruelty of police offices, oppression at the hands of white people and hard times.For example, in Blind Lemon Jeffersons boost High Water Blues, he tells the story of the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 where he lost his girlfriendfriendBlack water rising, Southern people cant make no time,Black water rising, Southern people cant make no time,And I cant get no hearing from that Memphis girl of mineAft er the war, lyrics became simpler and focused almost entirely on relationship despairs or sexual worries. Themes that recurrently appeared in pre-war blues such as frugal depression, farming, gambling, magic, the devil, fires and floods were less common in post-war blues.Other lyrics by artist like Skip James, Reverend Gary Davis or Blind Willie Johnson were also artist recognized by more religious or spiritual performances, highly influenced by the Christian conversions.1920s, First Harmonica RecordingsAs for the harmonica, Pete Hampton was probably the first African-American harmonica player to be recorded. Despite a productive recording career in the early 1900s with songs like Nigger Blues, he only seemed to have used the harmonica for one particular song titled Mouth Organ Coon, where the harmonica probably follow the term Mouth Organ. He already used many effects including vocalising through the harmonica, the use of fox chase and train-like cycle arrangements and simultane ous whistling. Hampton used an F diatonic harmonica and he played it in first position.Soon after that, Henry Whitter was the first to record in the cross harp position. Even though he was a white musician, he had adopted a remarkable African-American influence on his harmonica playing. He claimed to have made test recordings in March 1923 and recorded the final tracks around December 1923 in untested York city, recording the first three harmonica solos.The tunes appear to be in the key of A, and Whitter played in the second position on a D harmonica. He also had a train imitation, this one played in first position in what looked like a key of B although it might have originally been played on a C harp, an slowed down at some point.Another early country music star was DeFord Bailey who became the first African American performer on the Grand Ole Opry, which was a weekly country music stage concert in Nashville, Tennessee that presented different artists from the genre from 1925. B ailey could play various instruments but he was best known for playing the harmonica and he played every Saturday night for 15 years, after he had to leave because of a dispute with management. He developed the fox-hunt and train techniques and he used a custom made megaphone to amplify the sound from his harmonica.At the time, music was totally acoustic and the harmonica could be played comfortably and heard perfectly while accompanying a guitar and a singer. just about players used a class or a jug to funnel the sound and gain a bit more amplification like DeFord Baileys custom megaphone. (See Pic XfunnelX)By then, the harmonica had proved to be an interesting new instrument full of different sounds and effects, radically departing from the manufactures intentions of a toy.1930s, Lomax and the re-discoveryThe Emancipation Act of 1863, surrounded by 1870 and 1900, which freed the Black communities from slavery and had permitted them to build up the so called juke joints as places where Blacks could go to listen to some music, dance or have a encounter after a days work. Performances where held in places like the Cotton Club in Harlem, New York or many bars along the famous Beale track in Memphis.This call was known as the Delta Blues, which consisted on traditional, rural country blues performed acoustically in more of a polished city urban style, also introducing new sounds like the bottle neck slide guitar and the floorboard stomping.By the end of the twenties, Vaudeville and tent-show singers, circus artists, boogie-woogie pianists, jug and jazz bands were to be heard at some point playing some form of the blues.Blues was becoming a vehicle for some people to earn a living by playing and entertaining the audiences. It was exclusively race music and the majority of white people didnt really know what it was or nor have the interest to listen to it.Outside the phonograph stores, black people would stand in line anxious to obtain the latest blues disc an d by now there was already a reasonably large archive of blues music given by artists like Lead Belly, Henry Thomas and Big Walter Horton. Many harmonica players were recording in duos with guitarists like Hammie Nixon and Sleepy John Estes, or trios like Sonny Terry, Blind son Fuller and Bull City Red.Around the 1930s, John Lomax, pioneering musicologist and folklorist, together with his son Alan Lomax made a great number of non-commercial recordings for the Archive of American Folk songs. They went around the south of the United States with a mobile recording device, capturing many root songs, field hollers and ring shouts. This contributed in a great way to the blues because they managed to capture, catalogue and generate an archive of traditional and rural sounds.The instruments flexibility also captured the attention of classical music during this decade. Although some conservative musicians didnt approve of it and degraded it by considering it a toy, young Larry Adler managed to perform a minuet by Beethoven and later on had works written for the instrument by the composers like Ralph Vaughan Williams, Darius Milhaud, Malcolm Arnold and Arthur Benjamin.1940s, Pre-war and Post-war BluesDuring the war, the United States experienced a shortage of harmonicas mainly because materials like wood and metal that were used to make harmonicas were in short supply due to military demand. Another problem was that Germany and Japan were the primary manufacturers of harmonicas and of course where the Axis powers opposed to the United States and the allied forces.Companies like Finn Harkon Magnus, developed a molded plastic harmonica that used plastic combs and far fewer pieces than traditional metal or wood harmonicas, which in a way made the harmonica more hygienic and far more efficient to mass produce. The sound from these harmonicas was inferior to the traditional ones but their inexpensiveness made them become a common toy among children.Between the late 30s and t he 40s, many African-Americans were starting to migrate to other states further north in hope to find more acceptable working conditions. Many musicians based in Memphis moved to big cities like Chicago and New York encouraged by their music and the idea of making a living from entertainment. It was the beginning of what would later be called the Chicago Electric Blues.1950s Chess Records and the Chicago BluesThe 50s were the beginning of an era of high quality harmonica players. For instance Sonny Boy Williamson II, is one of the most important harmonica players of this era. The blues gradually began to use more electric amplification for the guitar, double bass, and vocals. Using a full blues band, as he usually played backed by a piano or a guitar, a bass and a drummer, Sonny Boy became a popular act in the South with his workaday broadcasts when he was hired to play the King Biscuit Time show, advertising the King Biscuit brand of baking flour on the radio. Sonny Boy Williamson II also helped popularize the cross-harp technique and his way of playing which was very expressive, very sensual and very technical.Another key factor to this new era of blues harmonica was the Chess brothers. Leonard and Philip Chess were two Jewish immigrants from Poland who came to Chicago in 1928. They owned some bars on the south side of Chicago, their largest initiation being a nightclub called the Macomba.The Macomba had live performances and many of those were blues entertainers that had migrated to Chicago from the Mississippi delta during the late 30s and 40s. The Chess brothers realized that these artists were not being properly delineated or recorded, so they decided to start recording them themselves. They entered into a partnership with Charles and Evelyn Aron in Aristocrat Records who had just opened Aristocrat Records to record blues, jazz and rhythm blues.The most important artist they recorded was McKinley Morganfield, who went by the name of Muddy Waters. He had come from Mississippi to Chicago a few years out front and had been working on his own until he met the Chess brothers. His first records where of himself accompanied by a guitar or a piano. His deep raw singing style reflected the spirit of the blues and was quite unique. The Chess brothers were able to build Muddy Waters into Chicagos leading blues singer through their connections with radio stations and local anesthetic clubs.In late 1949, Leonard and Phil Chess became the sole owners of Aristocrat Records and reorganized the company changing its name to Chess Records.Historically, the music business had always been dominated by a few major record labels which were Columbia, Victor, Decca, Capitol, Mercury, and MGM. These major labels had paid some attention to the blues and other root genres but had always placed the artists on secondary labels that were focused toward the race audience. Chess Records grew in those early days of both rhythm and blues and along with other in dependent record companies like Atlantic, Aladdin, Specialty, Imperial, Modern and King were giving the public music that they could not get from the established major record companies.Other young Mississippi bluesmen that were drawn to Chicago joined Muddy Waters band. One of the most brilliant musicians to play with Muddy was Little Walter Jacobs, whose outstanding harmonica made the band even better.The young harmonicist revolutionized the instrument by playing the harmonica through a microphone, typically a Bullet microphone sold for use by radio taxi dispatchers. He cupped in his hands around it with the harmonica, and tightened the air around the harp. It gave the instrument a punchy, mid-range, powerful, distorted sound that could be heard as loud as an electric guitar.MUCH MORE ABOUT LITTE WALTER His style, is amps and effects, his solo career.In 1952, Chess formed a subsidiary label called Checker where Little Walter recorded some of his own work. His first release was an instrumental piece called Juke which topped the Rhythm and Blues charts for eight weeks. He was able to top the charts again in 1955 with the song My Babe.A young record producer in Memphis Tennessee named Sam Phillips was recording a 300 pound farm worker named Chester Burnette, who became known as the Howlin Wolf. At the time, Phillips, who later established Sun Re

Mona Lisa By Leonardo Da Vinci Humanism

Mona Lisa By da Vinci Da Vinci HumanismThe transition movement that took place between the 14th and 17th century in Italy is cognise as the Renaissance succession or by definition rebirth. The philosophy that took place in the period is one of the benevolentism or the focus on the human being. One of the master artists of this time is Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) and one of the paintings that best represents the philosophy and art of this period is the Mona Lisa.The philosophy of humanitarianism brought on a time where the focus was on the human being. The previous philosophy of the medieval time was more focused on biblical motivation, whereas humanism was not. Humanism stood for the the take of the individual figure, in place of stereotyped or symbolic figure, greater concreteism and consequent attention to detail, as reflected in the development of linear sight and increased realism of human faces and bodies (High Renaissance Art. (n.d)).The artist of the Renaissance tim e kept up with the spirit of humanism by portraying lifelike human forms with the realistic clothing, and expression and correct proportion. A new three-dimensional form was created with new techniques. The natural landscape began to appear as the background as a transition from the figures of nirvana against a gold background.Realism and idealism are other concepts that were used in the Renaissance time and one could say that Leonardo Da Vinci mastered them. Realism or portraying subjects as they really were accomplished by forms, colors, proportions, lights and shade effects, spatial harmony and composition. Leonardos background in science, drafting, sculpting and architecture all helped in every portion of his painting of the Mona Lisa (The Mona Lisa, (n.d.)). Idealism was the idea of portraying subjects, as they should be.The Mona Lisa was a painting that Leonardo Da Vinci was working(a) on in between the years of 1503-1506 some believe the painting was still never finished b y his death in 1519. The Mona Lisa clearly represents the philosophy of the humanism by representing the focus of the human being and realism. It also shows nature as shown in the background behind the figure in the painting.The main focus of the Mona Lisa falls actually on the person in the picture. In previous medieval art the figures in the portrait were pictured in profiles and were stiff. Mona Lisa is painted in a relaxed three-quarter pose and cropped in contrast to the norm of full-length portraits. Whereas pictures previously had the figure in the painting adorned with jewels and decorations the Mona Lisa is simple and free of any jewelry. The cleaning womans hair is undisturbed and only has a simple veil (which whitethorn be a symbol of chastity) her hands are relaxed and free of bracelets and rings. Only the folds of her robe or stage are present (Mona Lisa, painted from 1503-1507, (n.d.)) as thoroughly as the lace-topped dress she is wearing.The Mona Lisas main focus is on the face of the painting. The techniques of chiaroscuro, victimization lights and darks and sfumato (blending one tone to another) or the illusion of corners that allows the imagination to see the area in a different way, was introduced and used by Da Vinci in his painting (Mona Lisa painted from 1503-1507, (n.d.)). These techniques, that were achieved by using oil paints, were used on the face and the hands to make the person appear to be more real and almost as if she has movement. The smile that is so famous and adds to the mystery of her mood is also achieved by these techniques. While some viewers see the woman smiling others see her without a smile.The pyramid design, which was usually used, also helps the viewer to focus on the women. It is believed that the pyramid gives a representation of giving tribute to the father, the son and the Holy Spirit. Mona Lisas pose is that of a pyramid anatomy with her head, shoulders and hands (Mona Lisa, La Giaconda, (n.d.)). There is also a glow on the face, neck and hands that puts an speech pattern on those.Leonardo painted a dead on target representation of the women of the time. The womans face is free of facial hair including her eyebrows. At this time it was common for women of the time to pluck their eyebrows because some feel they were unsightly. When Leonarod did this it makes the person very real (Mona Lisa, La Giaconda, (n.d.).The woman seems to be seated in a chair on some sort of balcony. The pillars to the side of the balcony almost form a stray to the figure behind the woman is a landscaped background.The figure in the painting is emphasized by the light and dark tones of the wardrobe as well as the background. The face and body have lighter tones on them with smooth lines gone are the days of outlined figures. The background does not reflect heaven or spiritual symbols but that of nature, which was another emphasis of the time. The curves in the background with the paths, rivers and mounta ins are a small reflection of the curves in her hair and clothes. It is believed that Da Vinci was working on some of his finest sketches of plant life and nature (Mona Lisa, painted from 1503-1507, (n.d.)), when he worked on the painting.Some hints of yellow and gold are used in the braid paths behind the figure. The landscape in the background showing mountains, trees and water are painted in cooler blues and greens. There is a sense of discretion and form because the picture becomes hazier as the landscape progresses backwards. Also, with this technique, the figure in the painting appears closer to the viewer and puts more emphasis on her because of the scenery.Leonardo Da Vinci may be considered one of the greatest artists of all times. Leonardo was a true master of the Renaissance time reflecting the philosophy of the time that being humanism and the emphasis of the human being.The Mona Lisa is a painting that shows such a philosophy of humanism. With the colors used, the sha ding and blending of the paints, Da Vinci could make the viewer focus on the human. The woman is very simple with no elaborate clothes or jewelry to take away from her, with a reserved posture.The background is that of nature, which another focus of the time was. The landscape showing depth helps the viewer focus on the women.The Mona Lisa is a true masterpiece of the Renaissance time. With Leonardo Da Vincis use of his techniques of sfumato and chiaroscuro he was adapted to make his figure of the women truly reflect the philosophies of the time. Mona Lisa appears to be a real woman with both depth and movement.

An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

An Inspector Calls is based in 1912, before the first and second world war, before the sinking of the Titanic and before women had whatsoever rights.An Inspector CallsAn Inspector Calls is based in 1912, before the first and secondworld war, before the sinking of the Titanic and before women had anyrights. An Inspector Calls was write in 1945, Britain was enduringthe final year of The Second World War and the country was united inone community, together they were fighting for Britain.JB Priestley liked what he saw people were putting aside their classand background and ignored their prejudices in an attempt to helptheir country. The only problem was Priestley knew after the war, thatBritain may paying back to its previous state. Therefore Priestley wrote aplay, based in Edwardian Britain when class mattered and reputationwas everything. Priestley set the play in Brumley, an industrial townwhere, like most(prenominal) places in Britain, the rich and poor rarely met. Theonly place s the two classes became more integrated were the bars whereprostitutes and rich men would meet. But these places were anotherworld, a melodic line of escapism for family men yearning for more excitement,they had double standards and these double standards appear throughoutthe play. The story is about the Birling family and their involvementwith a young charwoman who tragically committed suicide, each member ofthe family had their own input to her downward spiral, and it startedwith Mr Birling.A man has to mind his own business and look after himself and hisown.. and it is with that there is joint at the door. InspectorGoole enters the Birling household (and in my opinion acting asPriestleys alter-ego), causing unrest amongst some of them and noaffect on others. The whim changes from a happy, celebratoryatmosphere to a tense and mysterious one. Maybe this could be shown ina change of lighting, being more intense as apposed to before when thefamily were rejoicing the fact of thei r daughters engagement. Whenthe inspector begins to interrogate Mr Birling he refuses to acceptany responsibility for Eva Smiths death, he gives no thought to hisactions and this is obvious as he shows relatively little remorse orguilt. However, Mr Birling has an honest approach to life, not ashamedby his refusal to give Eva Smith a entreat I refused of course, andseems surprised why anyone would query his actions. Money in this erawas a precious thing and all Eva Smith was to Mr Birling was aproblem, which must be rid off immediately, especially since it could

Things Fall Apart: An Analysis :: essays research papers

Things Fall Apart An AnalysisThe culture of the Umuofia society before the colonial infiltration, may behard to understand but we are oblige by Achebe to realize it has traditions andcustoms that make it work. Although, looking at it from our Judaeo-Christianpoint of view we may be appalled by some of their practices. We also live with torealize that they have strengths.Things Fall apart is the idea of balance and interdependence, earth and sky,individual and community, man and woman or different perspectives on the samesituation. The important image of this balance is contained in the Ibo concept of"chi," which occurs throughout the novel. A persons "chi" is their destiny, hisinner self, "you wouldnt challenge your "chi" to a wrestling match," as didOkonkwo when he aided in the killing of Ikemefuna, whom he loved and whocalled him father. Okonkwo sins not only against the earth goddess, protectorof family relations, but also against his inner mos t feelings or his "chi." Any badness luck that occurs, people of this culture would say that you have a bad"chi."Okonkwos destiny is marked by bad luck, one reason may be that he is sodriven by the fear of resembling his father that he struggles to repress part ofhis personality with predictably afflicted results.This was a society where a man was judged by his own achievement and notthat of his fathers. Yams were the primary crop of Umuofia. A sign ofmanliness was if you could farm yams to feed your family. Okonkwo is respectedbecause of his hard work.The multifactorial patterns of Umuofias economic and social customs materializethroughout this novel as we see Okonkwo compelled to rid himself of anysimilarities that his father had. Unoka had no titles, was lazy and when he diedwas greatly in debt.Some may wonder how a society like the Ibos functioned, how they enforce